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nervous system Alison Acuna Period-3 - Coggle Diagram
nervous system Alison Acuna Period-3
major parts and functions of reflex arcs
integration center- processes the sensory input to and generates a motor response
motor neuron- carries signal from integration center which is the spinal cord to the effector
sensory neuron- transmit the nerve from the receptor to the CNS or spinal cord
effector- muscle or gland that ccarries out reflex action (contracts or secretes)
receptor- detects stimulus from enviorment such as pain heat and stretch
major functions of the nervous system
sensory input- detecting stimuli
motor output- generating a response
integration- processing and interpreting information
connective tissue covering
Epimysium: The outermost layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that encloses the entire muscle. It provides mechanical protection and helps maintain the muscle's shape.
Endomysium: The innermost layer, which is a delicate layer of connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber (myofiber).
Perimysium- The middle layer of connective tissue that surrounds and organizes bundles of muscle fibers, called fascicles.
cranial nerves
11.Accessory (XI): Neck/shoulder movement (Motor)
10.Vagus (X): Organs (heart, lungs, gut), swallowing, voice (Mixed)
9.Glossopharyngeal (IX): Taste (back 1/3 tongue), gag reflex, swallowing (Mixed)
8.Vestibulocochlear (VIII): Hearing and balance (Sensory).
7.Facial (VII): Taste (front 2/3 tongue), facial expressions (Mixed).
6.Abducens (VI): Outward eye movement (Motor).
5.Trigeminal (V): Facial sensation, chewing (Mixed).
ocuomotor- eye motor, pupil constriction; motor
2.optic- vision; sensory
olfactory- smell ;sensory
12.Hypoglossal (XII): Tongue movement (Motor)
neurotransmitters
acetylcholine
glycine
GABA
dopamine
glutamate
norepinephrine
spinal nerves (31)
Lumbar: 5 pairs (L1-L5) for lower back, legs
Sacral: 5 pairs (S1-S5) for pelvis, legs, feet
Thoracic: 12 pairs (T1-T12) for the chest/trunk.
Coccygeal: 1 pair for the tailbone area
Cervical: 8 pairs (C1-C8) for head, neck, shoulders
major parts and functions of the spinal cord
spinal nerves- signal transmission, reflexes, motor control, and sensory input
white and grey matter- conduct brain signals between brain and body, and coordinate reflexes independently from the brain
Major divisions and subdivisions
cns
spinal cord
brain
pns
somatic nervous system- controls voluntary movement
autonomic system- subdivided into sympathetic and para sympathetic
Sympathetic- fight or flight
para symmpathetic- rest and digest
tissue- neuron
composed of neurons which send signals
also made of neuroglia which support and prtect the neurons
dendrites branch out and recieve signals
axon- a long projection that transmits signals away from the cell body to other cells
cell body (soma) contains the nucleus and other organelles
synaptic terminals- end of axons that forms a synapse with other cells
disease/disorders
alzheimers disease- a form of dementia associated with age
memory loss, confusion and disorientation, mood and behavior changes
spinal cord injury- damage to spinal cord
weakness, paralysis
meningitis- infection in the meninges surrounding the brain
nausea and vommitng, fever and chills, stiff neck
autism- brain disorder that makes it difficult to communicate in person
anxiety, depression, repeated behaviors
multiple sclerosis- autoimmune disease that damages the myelin sheath
vision and hearing loss, depression, dizziness, fatigue, memory loss, constipation and stool leakage
cerebrovascular accident (stroke)- when blood flow to the brain is stopped
severe headache, change in alertness, confusion or memory loss
classification of neurons
sensory
send signals from sensory receptors like eyes and skin to the CNS for processing
motor
motor neurons send signals away from CNS to the muscle glands and and organs to control movement and bodily functions
inter neurons
compare and contrast ans and sympathetic
differences-
Sympathetic; activity- arousal and stress para; relax and conservation
Sympathetic; orgin- thoraolumbar para; craniosacral
sympathetic- ready for stress/action
parasympathetic- rest/recovery
Sympathetic; digestion- inhibits para; stimulates
Sympathetic; neurotransmitter- norephine NE para; acetylcholine ACh
similarity
both use preganglionic neuron from CNS and post ganglionic neuron to reach effectors (organs and glands)
both manage involuntary actions
both maintain homeostasis
major parts and functions of the brain
Midbrain
A relay center for visual and auditory information, controlling movement and arousal.
Hindbrain (Cerebellum, Pons, Medulla)
Connects the brain to the spinal cord, managing vital functions.
Forebrain (Cerebrum, Thalamus, Hypothalamus)
The largest and most complex part, responsible for higher functions.
action potential and nerve impulse
nerve impulse- moves down axon to axon terminal and triggers the release of neurotransmitters then they cross the synapse to the next neuron or cell
action potential- resting state, theshold, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization and reffractory period, then return to rest state
tissue- neuroglia
microglia- immune cells of the nervous system
astrocytes- anchor neurons to their blood supply and and regulstes the exchange of material keeping the blood brain barrier
support nourish and prtect neurons and some help with signal processing
ependymal cells- line the cavities of the brain and spinal cordproducing and circulating cerebrospinal fluid
drugs of abuse
lsd
seratonin neurotransmitter
heroine
inhibitory neurotransmitter
cocaine
dopamine neurotransmitter
ecstasy
seratonin neurotransmitter
alcohol
GABA neurotransmitter
marijuana
inhibitory neurotransmitters in action synapse
metamphetamine
interferes with- dopamine neurotransmitter