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CH 53-54 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 4 basic factors
        
        birth
        
        immigration
        
        death
        
        emmigration
    - - clustered: individuals grouped in patches
      - uniform: individuals spread to territorial behavior
      - random: individuals are spread or clustered together
      - humans can be clumped or uniformly dispersed
    - - type 1: flat start low death rate, during early and middle life, then drops steeply as older age death rate increases
        
        ex: large mammals, humans, elephants
      - type 2: stay constant where death rate is the same throughout their lifetime
        
        ex: mice, squirrels, invertebrates
      - type 3: high death rate for young and flattens out as they age since few organisms survive to see the old age
        
        ex: fish, tadpoles, seeds
  - - - rate at which the population increases/ decreases per unit of time
      - N= (birth + immigration) - ( death + immigration)
      - k= carrying capacity
        
        maximum population for resources available
      - exponential growth
        
        constant growth per unit time
        
        may occur when there is no war, famine, or disease and unlimited resources
        
        not always linear since offspring have offspring
    - - ex- small prey population affects predator population negatively when low predator population it increases prey population
      - semelparous; reproduce once in lifespan
        
        ex: salmon
      - iteroparous : can reproduce multiple times during lifetime
        
        ex: humans
  - - - population size determined baby r
      - Their limit is set by the growth rate. exponential growth and crash
    - - competition for resources
      - territory
      - intrinsic factors like crime, unique to social groups
      - toxic waste
      - disease
    - - red line shows annual percent increasing of population
      - blue line human population
      - mcan be misleading, can make ppl think population isn't going up, but it is since the red line is in the positive.
    - - Ecological footprint in a developing country 2.5 acres
      - in a developed country 25 acres
- - - - one orgnasim eats another
      - ex- fox eats rabbit
      - ex- cow eats grass
    - - ecto- tick sucking on dogs blood through the skin
      - endo- tape worm feeding inside through an organism
    - - both organisms benefit
      - cleaner fish and sharks
    - - one organism benefits another is unaffected (+, o)
        
        ex- birds and trees
    - - interactions within two species
    - - how species play a role in the environment ( eat, compete, what it provides)
    - - two species cannot occupy same role/ niche in an environment
    - - mechanical defense protects them from predators
      - chemical defense- release chemicals to protect them from predators
      - aposematic coloration- warning coloration ( bright red, orange , yellow 0
      - cryptic coloration- to blend in/ camoflauge
      - Bayesian mimicry- harmless species mimics a harmful one
      - mullein mimicry- two unpalatable species mimics one another
  - - - biological diversity - number of species in a particular area
      - diversity is beneficial for food webs are more connected, more options for members if one goes extinct
      - food chain- energy transfer to producer to consumer
      - food web- shows many different species eat many things
      - trophic levels- energy stored in biomass
        
        10% is passed from one trophic level to the next
        
        decomposers are everywhere outside the normal chain
      - dominant species - species you mostly see
      - keystone species - species if eliminated would destroy the ecosystem
      - ecosystem engineers- species that change ecosystem
      - invasive species- species that aren't native, disrupt the ecosytem
      - endangered species- species without intervention will go extinct
      - threatened species- will become endangered without intervention
      - top down control - introducing wolves into Yellowstone to control deer population. predator controls prey population
      - bottom up control- nutrient supply controls lower tropic levels limits abundance of organisms of higher trophic levels
  - - - ex- red wood forest in california
    - - ex- controls fires , reintroduce species