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Mendel and the gene idea, Chromosomal basis of inheritance - Coggle Diagram

- - - - homozygous dominent or recessive
        Expressed as PP or pp
      - heterozygous
  - - - the two alleles for a heritable character separate (segregate) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
    - - dihybrid cross, a cross between F, dihybrids, can determine whether two characters are transmitted to offspring together as a unit or independently
      - A cross between such heterozygotes is called a monohybrid cross
- - - - the four phenotypes of the ABO blood group in humans are determined by three alleles for the enzyme that attaches A or B carbohydrates to red blood cells: Ia Ib , and i
- - - - ultrasound technique, for example, reflected sound waves are used to produce an image of the fetus
      - amniocentesis
        
        physician inserts a needle into the uterus and extracts about 10 mL of amniotic fluid
        
        Some genetic disorders can be detected from the presence of certain proteins or hormones in the amniotic fluid itself
    - - diseases and disorders can be detected at birth by simple biochemical tests that are routinely performed on blood from the baby’s heel in most hospitals in the United States
- - - - Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive disorder
      - X Inactivation in Female Mammals
        
        The inactive X in each cell of a female condenses into a compact object called a Barr body
    - - SRY:genes on the Y chromosome, responsible for the development of the testes in an embryo
- - - - Monosomic- one copy of a particular chromosome
      - Polyploidy- more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes
      - Trisomic- 3 copies of a particular chromosome
      - Down’s, example of anuploidy
- - - - These matching offspring are called parental types (short for phenotypes). But two nonparental phenotypes are also found among the offspring.
      - offspring have new combinations of seed shape and color, they are called recombinant types, or recombinants for short.
      - Crossing over
        
        although some genes are linked, nonparental allele combinations are still produced