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Overall - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Classic
      - Economy - not a good key thinker - belief should be self regulating
      - Disagrees with divine right of kings
      - Social contract theory - state should protect individual liberties and citizens agree to follow law - if legitimacy erodes has right to revolution
      - Human nature - belief in egoism but emphasises rationalism more, believes rights are inalienable for all humans
      - Society - should protect individual rights and should function for the individual not the other way around
    - - Modern
      - Main beliefs - equality of opportunity
      - Economy - believe in free market capitalism in a way that is geared towards benefiting the least well off - difference principle - inequality is ok as long as it benefits poorest
      - Society - should provide equality of opportunity within its institutions and protect peoples individual liberties
      - Human nature - belief in egoism but believe empathy overcomes this - value individual liberty
      - State - should provide equality of opportunity so more interventionist but without impacting other peoples individual liberties
    - - Classic
      - Main beliefs - rationality, equality for women too
      - State - should provide equal education for all including women and should do the most to protect peoples liberties
      - Society - Public and private lives are different, in public should provide equal education and chance for women to develop to be more rational, in home it is different because that is what is natural
      - Economy - free market capitalism creates dependency on women and fosters irrational choices, class divide creates a lack of virtue and growing materialism causes a disregard of rational choice, not arguing for abolition of private property but believes there should be reforms to the system
      - Human nature - all humans are rational above all else - this includes women and so optimistic view should be extended to women too
    - - Modern
      - Main beliefs - feminism for women in every aspect of society because rationalism the most key belief of human nature
      - Society - Attitude towards women fostered by society and transmitted via societies cultural channels - need to reform this so women accepted as just as rational as men
      - State - should ensure equality for women and have equal opportunity as everyone else des
      - Human nature - rationality becomes above all else
    - - Classic and Modern
      - Key concepts - higher and lower pleasures, self and other regarding actions, harm principle,
      - Economy - classically believes it regulates itself through supply and demand, modernly acknowledges social inequalities and so believes in certain redistribution for wealth to help people develop their full selves
      - Society - not a good key thinker belief people should be able to develop themselves completely and have the freedom to do so
      - State - Should give people freedom but should limit people on other-regarding actions according to harm principle
      - Human nature - belief in rationalism and ability to develop self
- - - - Economy - capitalism bad and corrupts human nature, never works, only way to achieve equality is complete abolishment of private property
      - State - serves interests of ruling class, benefits not good because aid false class conscious
      - Human nature - corrupted by capitalism into competition, selfishness and greed, naturally cooperative
      - Society - two opposing classes, bourgeoisie and proletariat, cause instability and inequality, only way to solve it is complete social revolution, instilled in false class consciousness
      - Revolutionary
    - - Revolutionary
      - State - need revolution, new democracy will come out of revolution, common ownership, no vangaurd elite, no proletarian dictatorship
      - Economy - capitalism never works, common ownership is key, disagrees with historicisim
      - Society - currently false class consciousness, revolution will happen spontaneously due to class consciousness, no vangaurd elite
    - - Social democracy
      - Society - everyone should look after each other through social obligation because inequality in society needs to be reduced
      - Economy - capitalism never works but is better changed through gradual reforms over revolution, corrupting force that causes competition and greed and demeening inequalities
      - Human nature - naturally cooperative but being ruined by economy and capitalism
      - State - should provide full cradle to grave welfare, reduce inequalities not be abolished
    - - Social democracy
      - Economy - Keynesian economics good provides full employment and complete development and then can redistribute the wealth, capitalism in some occassions good can provide redistribution of wealth
      - State - welfare state yes for reidstribution of wealth but no involvement in economics Equality of opportunity
      - Society - Equality of opportunity, less obligations towards each other, more complexity than marx used to talk about, new definitions of classes because of managerialism
    - - Third way
      - Economy - do not need to scrap capitalism because have welfare state so it can redistribute wealth later on combine with social democratic Society
      - State - Need to have high welfare state so that can continue capitalism means that people need to ensure increased public spending
      - Human Nature - corrupted by capitalism and means that people no longer adopt fraternity and cooperation because of alienation from the workforce - easily influenced and so will follow elite cultural reforms and need to change that
      - Society - need to have social democratic society where people are cared for as shown by state view
- - - - One nation
      - Econ - market should regulate itself but cannot pursue economic activity without state involvement
      - State - should be autocratic. intimidating and forboding to be effective - very big on control and order because of human nature - state of nature, do not get involved with inequalities, hierarchies are natural
      - Society - necessity but fragile - needs state involvement - needed for social cohesion - believes in organic society where inequalities are expected and left alone, organicism
      - Human nature - needy and selfish, need control and order, state of nature life would be nasty brutish and short
    - - Ayn Rand
        
        Econ - laissez-faire because only way to respect peoples individual liberties
        
        State - minimal because people are rational, and deserve individual liberties - not anarchic because need some control and order
        
        Society - Altruism and atomism
        
        Human nature - rational and deserve individual freedoms because being guided by own self fulfillment is good and useful
      - Robert Nozick
        
        Society - big on organicism not empiricism and traditional values if they do not work
        
        Economy - tax is theft outsource public spheres to private
        
        State - not too big don't want to affect individual freedoms, tax is theft
        
        HN - optimistic view, rationalism good shouldnt have too many individual liberties affected, everyone should be allowed to follow morals they believe in
    - - Michael Oakeshott
        
        Economy - believes in individual freedom so should be self regulating because fear state intervention would impede on that, economic transactions should be voluntary
        
        State - ship of state view, should not create good but prevent bad - significant because of view on traditionalism - control and order important but not giving benefits - Paternalism!
        
        Society - believes in empiricism view that people learn from the past
        
        Human nature - imperfect but not immoral, big on pragmatism, scared of change and being without direction
      - Edmund Burke
        
        Human nature - imperfect and self seeking but believes power should be closer to the people - localism
        
        Society - Natural aristocracy believes in inequalities within society because people who have different levels of wealth have different levels of social responsability, organicism causes paternalism
        
        State - should preserve tradition, gradual reforms within state to change in order to conserve, natural hierarchy so state should have larger role
    - - Pragmatism
      - Tradition
      - Human imperfection
      - Organic society
- - - - Mostly deep sometimes shallow
      - Society - need to view the world holistically and completely reject anthropocentrism
      - Main view - Society and state has belief it can dominate nature which is wrong
      - Economy - "By polluting natural environment mankind was making decisions on who lives or dies ... all for the basis of agricultural output" - arrogant and proposes mankind is superior to natural world
    - - Deep
      - State - man has ethical duty to protect environment at all costs - big on biodiversity and conservation
      - Main concepts - the land ethic and conservation fails
      - The land ethic - we need to extend our community beyond human life to protect biodiversity
      - Conservation fails because we are not changing our economic system to promote new relationship between humans and natural life
    - - Main beliefs - Buddhist economics, pastoralism, limiting economics
      - Buddhist economics - economics as if people mattered promoting wellbeing above material gain
      - Pastoralism - simple life with double the benefits, usually point to communes
      - Limiting economics - actively limiting inevitable insatiable desire for growth
      - State - take on role to reform economic system to be less disruptive
      - Economics - limited
    - - Social - specifically eco anarchist
      - Main views - cannot differentiate between exploitation of workers and exploitation of natural world, anarchist communities
      - Economy - disagrees with capitalism because creates exploitation of workers and natural world, cannot solve one without solving the other
      - Problems with shallow - "Asking capitalism to willingly slow growth is as asking humans to stop breathing"
      - Problems with deep - eco-lala and californian spiritualism
      - Anarchist communities - people should live on small communes with own resources and reduce problem of scarcity so less need for exploitation
    - - Social - specifically eco-feminist
      - Main beliefs - mechanistic view bad, women intrinsically linked to nature, environmental problems stem from patriarchal institutions
      - Economy and state - should revolt against patriarchal institutions so have more egalitarian relationships
      - Mechanistic view - not holistic, developed post enlightenment, led to individualist view of self and belief if could understand nature then could control it
      - Women linked with nature - likens earths relationships with humans to that of a mother with her children
    - - Naess
        
        Labelled deep economy because deeper than how and why,value on biodiversity and eco centrism
      - Mary daly
        
        Intrinsic link between women and nature
      - Bahro
        
        Capitalism pursuit for profit ruins env and emphasis on private property reconfirmed belief nature can be dominated
      - Godlin
        
        Green value - things should not be higher valued just because they are product of humans
      - Layerd
        
        Once people enjoy relatively comfortable living standards it becomes about wealth compared to majority which drives up demabd
      - Hardin
        
        TYranny of commons leads to destruction of environment
      - Boulding
        
        Spaceship view of earth should be closed system
      - Singer
        
        Sentiance argument valueing one species over another that have same sentiance is speciesist