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psychology 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - A01
        
        Neuroanatomical explanation: Suggests there is structural abnormality in the central nervous system (of people who have OCD)
        
        Functions - To convert sensory information into thoughts and actions
        
        Caudate nucleus - Area of brain responsible for filtering out messages that aren't threatening or filtering threatening messages forward - doesnt function in people with OCD
        
        over active: does not inhibit action. Normal: inhibit the action of the globus palidus fibres
        
        Caudate nucleus manages repitive behaviour so an overactive caudate nucleus increases repitive behaviour.
        
        Thalamus - Area of brain that responds to a threat by initiating an action (eg. hand washing) -
        
        how we act and respond - Overactive: trigger complusions to enage behaviour. Normal: contain primitive checking and cleaning behaviours
        
        OFC, caudate nucleus, thalamus are involved in thinking and action (explanation makes sense because both are involved in these two areas)
        
        Damage to basal ganglia - (involving caudate nucleus) can result in OCD (shows that an ineffective caudate nucleus is involved with the development of OCD)
        
        Orbito-frontal cortex - Area of the brain that is made aware of a potential threat
        
        Orbito-frontal cortex - explanation makes sense because OCD obsessions also involve primitive urges eg. hygiene, aggression, danger, sex
        
        controls: decision making and impluse control. alerts brain to potential threats and worries
        
        Putamen - crucial for regulating for regulating movement learning and reward processing
        
        Very complex feedback loop -> prepares and aids in movement -> do something -> think about it -> do it again or change
        
        Globus pallidus: controls thalamus
        
        Allows us to forget the way it was before (when you didnt die) but remeber the possitive reinforcement -> wash hands -> feel good
        
        Caudate nucleus tail - role in motor control and learning and reward processing, decision making - it has a termination (stops thoughts) - doesnt work - links back in
        
        Cingulate cortex: links emotional response to behaviour. role in decision making. error in decision, reward and punishment -> how we adjust afterwards
        
        in the limbic cortex - assists in the emotional responses - found in the medial part of the cerebal hemimpheres
        
        Consequences of having an ineffective caudate nucleus -Overreaction, anxiety, obsessions, compulsions
        
        Brain imaging scans - Healthy and OCD brains under brain imaging scans often seem indistinguishable (evidence against the explanation)
        
        Shows explanation doesn't identify the cause and effect (having OCD could lead to changes in brain, rather than being caused by them - evidence against explanation
        
        Structure of a OCD brain: over active and doesnt have an ending.
        
        Over activity is passed on the OFC -> decoding and representing of primary reinforces e.g. taste touch -> eating complusion
        
        People with OCD have a faulty connection between Orbito-frontal cortex and thalamus -> over active frontostriato thalamic circuit. The OFC generates worry then the caudate nucleus acts as a breaks to supress these signals - OCD this system is impaired ->overly excited thalamus -> alrtness and complusion
        
        thalamus is over active due to the caudate nucelus not working properly - the caudate nucleus acts as a break to supress negative thoughts however in OCD this is impaired. Over active -> triggers complusions -> enage behaviour
        
        over activity in OFC causes the brain to become more altert to the enviroment. Noticing dust on furnture -> impluse to clean -> lowered because its overactive
        
        Increased activity in the prefrontal cortex -> a person becoming more fearful of acting appropriately in social situtations. This can lead to worries about being neat and tidy -> obessive behaviour
      - A03
        
        strengths
        
        Change over time – now we have MRI and PET scans we can now see into a person's brain with OCD and understand that a person's brain with OCD has an overactive thalamus – we can see the activity of a persons brain when they are doing tasks – scientific status
        
        The use of anti-depressants to raise serotonin levels have been successful in treatment of OCD therefore if biology can remove the symptoms, it can be deduced that biology caused the symptoms – OCD can therefore be seen as being caused by biology due to it being treated by serotonin
        
        Determinism: reduces the blame from the individuals -> sense of relief & early intervention
        
        Objective scanning techniques are used to measure the brain activity of those suffering OCD – this means it is reliable since it is not bias and does not allow for anyone's opinion to interfere with the study
        
        As OCD runs in families it could be due to genes that the brain functions differently. Therefore, this is proof that the biological explanation is reliable due to it is inheritable.
        
        Weaknesses
        
        Cause and effect – problems of the brain processing may be a further symptom of OCD so it could be something other than biological causes
        
        It takes up to 12 weeks for the ant-depressants to work, when they raise serotonin levels immediately suggesting its not just biological causes of OCD because it would have improved immediately meaning its more behavioural -> 12 weeks to change behaviour
        
        CBT is often used at the same time as drug therapy and CBT is more effective
        
        it only considers the nature argument – believe that the cause of OCD is brain structure not considering that it may be learnt through from family members – however it's been proven that SLT is not a likely cause of OCD by children suffers having different symptoms to their parents therefore the nurture argument could not be relevant
        
        Determinism: the fact that behaviour is caused by something innate which removed free will. -> if you have this brain structure, you're going to get OCD and act a certain way -> removes blame and acts in a way your meant to
        
        Other argument: The cognitive explanation says OCD is caused by self-doubt, the need for perfection and feelings of responsibility. Therefore, they are more than one reason for actions like the need to clean obsessively
        
        supporting research
        
        Feng (2007) bred mice with a specific gene missing which is expressed in the parts of brain associated with planning and initiation of action. They displayed excessive grooming and anxious behaviour. LOW gen extrapolrisation of animals to humans and different day – day life's (have none to look after them) HOWEVER share 70% the same amount of brain matter
        
        Menzies et al (2007) - found differences in grey matter in the orbitofrontal cortex in OCD suffers brain
        
        Somoro et al (2007) found that anti-depressants were more effective for suffers of OCD than placebo
        
        McGuire et al found increased activity in the orbitofrontal cortex in sufferers of OCD when they were shown objects that would bring on their symptoms.
        
        refuting research:
        
        Kireev et al (2012): found other areas of the brain took over the functions of the anterior cingulate cortex
    - - Intrustive thought
        
        obession
        
        relief
        
        complusion
        
        negative reinforcement
        
        anixtey lowered
        
        1 more item...
- - - - A03
        
        2010 williams et al - 60% of inmates had one or more head injury when they were younger - dont know what type of brain injury - false memories/ recall issues - false negative/positives
        
        Application - knowledge about brain injury and crime could be used along side mental health assessments in court when sentencing to see if people need more or less time
        
        lack of evidence about ABIs on women results cannnot be generlised - more men are at risk due to playing sport or interactions
        
        Kreutzer et al (1991) - no cause and effect between traumatic brain injury and agression
        
        Vietnam head injury study - 14% of brain injured paitents got into fights compared to 4% without
        
        Reductionist
      - A01
        
        sustained during childhood -> criminal behaviour (low impluse, control, agression, poor decision making, forward planning)
        
        Injuries to head e.g. falls -> Aquired brain injuries (ABIs) -> disrupt development-> never move past risk taking behaviours
        
        incarcerated offenders fond to have brain injury -> early rate of offending & high likelyhood to reoffend
        
        caused by accident or illness. Traumatic brain injury occurs as a result of trauma e.g. car crash
        
        caused by long term alchol or drug use alchol toxins affect CNS and interferes with absorption of vitiam Bi - aid in brain nutrients
        
        Drunkness can impair blance or decision making -> increase falls/accidents
    - - A03
        
        panini et al 2014 - those with reduced amygdala volume -> more agressive and prome to psychopathic tendensy
        
        Cause and effect - hard to establish - at what point is the amydala or the engaging in agression - plascity
        
        sham rage 1925 - removed amgydala->calm. amgydala stimuluated -> anger
        
        isolating the amygdala as the only cause is not valid as they is other parts of the brain
        
        Raine 1997 -murders had differences/abnormalities in hippocampus & amgydala
        
        James falian 2006 (neuropsychologist who ideniftied brains of psychopaths) - idenified himself as a psychopath
      - A01
        
        located within the limbic system in both hemispheres of the brain
        
        involved in reward pathways and decision making
        
        responsible for helping us direct how we react to the emotions of others and potentially threating situations
        
        Abnormalties: can vary (size,shape,function, tumour) -> increased agression -> cannot tell what is and isnt a violent situation
        
        Damage due to brain injury e.g.accident or illness
        
        damage -> unemotional or overreaction
        
        small amygdala -> psychopathic qualties & higha agression levels
        
        When removed aggression can no longer be shown
        
        responsible for controlling emotions
    - - A01
        
        10 in 1000 males are born with an extra chromosomes XY this happens randomly
        
        people with XYY have behavioural & physical differences e.g.being taller, lower intellergence, implusivity
        
        learning difficulties: speech delay(makes reading and writing harder) ->harder to gain an education -> harder to gain job -> harder to intergate into society
        
        humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes - 46 all together
        
        XX= female XY=male males can only get XYY
        
        Genetic condition when a male has an extra chromosome with the 23rd pair -> 47 chromosomes
        
        Many males dont know they have it & may lack sympathy be over agressive lack empathy (super male symdrone)
      - A03
        
        adler et al (2007) - argued that agression & violent behaviour is partely determined by genetics
        
        Jacobs (1965) 15 in 10,000 males in prison had XYY for being mentally ill which is an over represntation within the prison population
        
        does explain female criminality - explains why theres more male criminals
        
        Ret Birkodd (2015) - no link XYY and criminal
        
        Klinefelter - men with XYY more likely too be convicted for SA, arson and bulery
        
        Unlikey to know the true extend - cant look at all male offends genetic
        
        Theilgards small % of XYY amoung criminal poplation -> cannot be the only explinataion of SLT
    - - A03
        
        Strengths
        
        Boduszek et al (2013) - tested PEN amoung repeat offender all high PEN validy
        
        weaknesses
        
        reductionist to say personality is fixed - excuse - no change - no free will
        
        psychoticism was added later on - cannot explain link via nerovus system-> unreliable comapred to neurtoic and extroverison
        
        EPQ - self report - demand characteristics - social desirability however reliable used by many different reasearchers
        
        Farrington et al (1982) very little ev for criminal personality
        
        does account for individual differences - Digman 1990 added openness, conscientiousness & agreeable to the theory suggesting that criminality is more complex than be propsed
        
        Personality as a social contruct - Walter Mischel (1968) - people react to enviromental cues rather than being guided by an inner self
      - A01
        
        Extrovert behaviour is out going sociable & active. wants excitement & easily bored. Introvert reserved & reflective Prefer solitary to social activites
        
        Neuroticism: emotional instability - anxiety, fear, depression, envy. Emotional stable: the extend ti which a person is calm, secure
        
        Psychoticism: emotional instability - anxiety fear, depression, envy.Self control: ability to regulate ones emotions, thoughts and behaviour
        
        Innate: behaviour that is insinctive and does not need to be learned - Hans eysenck 1964 - certian personality traits may mean an individual is more prone to criminal behaviour - personality traits cannot be changed/fixed
        
        (P) high psycoticism: lack compassion & may display antisocial behaviour, (E) high Extroversion: more sensation seeking due to having low arousal (N) high neuroticism: become quickly unerved and will react extremely
        
        1990 arsoual theory - extraversion is arsoual in the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) which stimualtes the cerebral cortex -> higher cortical arsoual. Introverts -> higher level of activity -> requires less stimulation -> less out going. Extroverts -> underactive ARAS -> more out going
        
        Eysenck believed neurotic individuals have a greater activation level and lower threshhold within the limbic system (sympathic nervous system) - easily upset for minor stress
        
        Psycoticism: people who show a pschotic epsiode have increase testrone and low MAO levels
        
        Eysneck personality questionaire (EPQ) - likerk scale with closed questions
        
        Did acknowledge socialisation -> criminality however extroverts are natural reward seekers -> less receptive to operant conditioning -> less effective to punishment. high neurotics interfere with learning -> antisocial behaviour