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(Chapter 52: An introduction to ecology and the biosphere, Chapter 51:…
Chapter 52: An introduction to ecology and the biosphere
Biomes
Tropical forest- Found near the equator, is very wet, and hot. Dominant plants are jungle like vegetation and has great diversity in animals and bugs
Tropical Desert- Found near 30 degrees north or south. It is very dry and hot. Has practically no plants (cacti) and very few animals, reptiles and insects
Savanna- Found between grasslands and deserts. Has a very short wet season and a very long dry season while being warm. Has grasses and shrubs. Dominant animals are large predators and herbivores
Chaparral- Found mostly near the Mediterranean. Also has a short wet and long dry seasons. Temperature is more seasonal, but it is more warm than cold. Has grasses and shrubs. Dominant animals are large predators and herbivores
Temperate grassland- Found between 30 and 60 degrees north or south. It is fairly dry, but it is seasonal. Temperature is seasonal. Has a lot of grass, birds, rodents, and herbivores
Northern coniferous forest- Found near 60 degrees north or south and up mountains. Typically wet and cold. Has conifers, large animals, and smaller prey
Temperate broadleaf forest- Found near 30 and 60 degrees in places that get a lot of rain and temperature is seasonal. Has broadleaf trees with lots of birds, insects, and small rodents
Tundra- Found between 60 and 90 degrees. It is fairly dry and cold. Has cold resistant plants and not too many herbivores and birds
Lakes- inland freshwater
Wetlands- found on edges of bodies of water, typically freshwater
Streams/rivers- freshwater moving bodies of water
Estuaries- wetlands that are both fresh and salt water
Intertidal zones- aquatic area that has tides, rocks
Ocean pelagic zones- out in deep water
Coral reefs- in photic zone, typically off shore but not too far
Marine benthic zones- bottom of ocean, volcanic vents, decaying organisms, and mud
Definitions
Permafrost- permanently frozen water
Evergreen- plants that do not lose leaves all at once
Deciduous- loses leaves in winter
Tropical- hot
Temperate- seasons
Alpine- high elevation
Shrub- woody plant, branches start at ground level
Littoral- along coast/beach
Benthic- bottom of a body of water
Photic- where light penetrates
Aphotic- no light
Pelagic- open water
Thermocline- split between warm water and cold water. Soundwaves bounce off these
Turnover- Flipping of cold and warm water
Dispersal- how spread out something is
Rain shadow- when air crosses a mountain range and causes a desert on one side and rain on the water side
Ecology- study of how animals interact with their environment, how the world works
Organismal ecology- one organism and how it works in its environment
Population ecology- how a whole species interacts with its environment
Community ecology- all different species in an area you decide and how do they interact
Ecosystem ecology- environmental factors affecting organisms
Landscape ecology- how does this part of the world affect this part of the world, abiotic and biotic
Global ecology- looking at the whole planet at once
Need to know facts
Earths tilt is 23.5 degrees
Summer solstice- when the northern hemisphere is most direct towards the sun. Hottest at 23.5 degrees. Around June 20--22
Winter solstice- when the northern hemisphere is pointed away from the sun. Around December 20-22.
Northern winds are clockwise and southern winds are counterclockwise
Earth rotates counterclockwise
Chapter 51: Animal Behavior
Types of behaviors
Innate- Day 1, instinct. Programmed with when you were born. Something that helps you.
Ex: Babies holding onto things
Ex: Hognose spitting and acting dead
Fixed action pattern- Has to triggered by something
Ex: Goose that brings in stuff that looks like eggs and sits on them
Imprinting- critical period in your lifetime.
Ex: baby geese following a "mama"
Ex: Language for humans
Associative learning- associate one stimuli with one effect
Ex: Pavlov ringing bell and giving meat powder. Ring bell and salivate
Trial and error (operant conditioning)- teaching an action through trial and error/ making mistakes
Ex: mice flicking a switch for food
Habituation- getting stimuli over and over again until you get used to it, becomes non-threatening
Ex: Prairie dogs not yelling after nonthreats
Observational learning- watching another organism and mimicing action. motor neurons
Ex: Octopus looking at another octopus opening a jar will also open a jar
insight- With given time, solving a problem. Requires socializing/ living with others
Ex: Hanging a candle on wall with only a matches and tacks