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Emilio Arellano 51 and 52 - Coggle Diagram
Emilio Arellano 51 and 52
chapter 51
Discrete sensory inputs can stimulate both simple and complex behaviors
behavior is the sum of an animals response to external and internal stimuli.
A fixed action pattern is a behavior that stays mostly the same and is triggered by a simple cue called a sign stimulus.
Animals communicate by sending and receiving signals, which can be visual, auditory, chemical, or tactile.
Many animals migrate by navigating with the sun, stars, or even Earth’s magnetic field, and their behavior often follows daily or seasonal cycles.
learning establishes specific links between experience and behavior
Cross fostering studies help scientists see how an animal’s social environment affects its behavior.
They show how being raised by a different parent can change the way an animal acts.
Learning happens when behavior changes because of experience.
There are many different types of learning, which are often shown in diagrams to make them easier to understand.
selection for individual survival and reproductive success can explain diverse behaviors
Lab experiments can show how behavior can evolve over time.
Optimal foraging models explain that animals tend to look for food in ways that lower the cost and increase the benefits.
Differences in male and female appearance often relate to their mating systems, and things like mating style and fertilization affect how certain a parent is about its offspring.
Game theory helps scientists understand how an animal’s behavior can change depending on the behaviors of others in its population.
genetic analyses and the concept of inclusive fitness provide a basis for studying the evolution of behavior
Genetic studies in insects show that certain “master” genes can control complex behaviors, and even one gene can make a big difference, as seen in vole research.
When members of a species behave differently depending on their environment, it may point to past evolutionary changes.
Altruism can be understood through inclusive fitness, which includes helping relatives so shared genes are passed on.
Hamilton’s rule and kin selection explain why animals often help family members, even when it comes at a personal cost.
chapter 52
earths climate varies by latitude and season and is changing rapidly
Global climate patterns are mostly shaped by the sun’s energy and the way Earth moves around the sun.
Things like the sun’s angle, nearby water, and mountains create seasonal and regional climate differences.
Climate influences where plants can grow, and plants themselves can also change the climate around them.
Rising greenhouse gases are warming the planet, causing many species to move, and some may not be able to find new suitable habitats in time.
the distribution of terrestrial biomes is controlled by climate and disturbance
Climographs show how temperature and rainfall relate to different biomes, though biomes can overlap because other factors also matter.
Terrestrial biomes are usually named by their climate and main vegetation, and they often have distinct layers of plant life.
Natural events and human activities can change which plants grow in an area, and people have replaced many natural habitats with farms and cities.
Not just average climate, but the pattern of climate changes over time, helps determine where different biomes form.
Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of earth
Aquatic biomes are mainly defined by their physical features, like light levels and temperature, rather than climate, and the ocean has more salt than freshwater.
Most oceans and lakes have a thermocline, which is a sharp temperature change between warm surface water and cold deeper water.
In many temperate lakes, the water mixes in spring and fall, bringing nutrients up from the bottom.
This turnover also pushes oxygen from the surface down to deeper layers, helping support aquatic life.
ecological change and evolution affect one another long and short periods time
Ecological interactions can lead to evolutionary changes, like when predators push prey to develop better defenses.
These changes can happen over generations as natural selection favors individuals that survive better.
When a prey species evolves a new defensive trait, it can affect how it interacts with predators.
As a result, evolutionary changes can reshape the ecological relationships between species.