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(Chapters 51–52: Ecology & Animal Behavior) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Innate Behavior
        
        Reflexes
        
        Example: Knee-jerk reaction
        
        Fixed Action Patterns
        
        Example: Egg Rolling in Gray Goose
        
        Triggered by sign stimulus
      - Learned Behavior
        
        Habituation
        
        Example: Sea Anemone Closing Less Over Time
        
        Classical Conditioning
        
        Example: Pavlov's Dogs
        
        Association of stimulus and response
        
        Operant Conditioning
        
        Example: Skinner Box
        
        Reward or punishment guides behavior
        
        Insight Learning
        
        Example: Chimpanzees Using Tools
    - - Foraging
        
        Energy Maximization
        
        Example: Birds Choosing High-Calorie Seeds
      - Mating
        
        Courtship Rituals
        
        Example: Peacock Display
      - Territoriality
        
        Defending Resources
        
        Example: Wolves Marking Territory
      - Parental Care
        
        Protection of Offspring
        
        Example: Birds Feeding Chicks
    - - Visual Signals
        
        Example: Coloration Displays
      - Chemical Signals (Pheromones)
        
        Example: Ant Trail Pheromones
      - Auditory Signals
        
        Example: Birdsong, Whale Calls
      - Tactile Signals
        
        Example: Bees Waggle Dance
    - - Optimal Foraging Theory
        
        Maximizing Energy Gain vs Effort
      - Altruism & Kin Selection
        
        Helping relatives increases inclusive fitness
      - Social Behavior
        
        Pack Formation, Hierarchies
      - Game Theory in Behavior
        
        Example: Hawk-Dove Conflict
  - - - Solar Energy / Latitude
        
        Example: Tropics hotter than poles
      - Global Wind Patterns
        
        Trade Winds, Westerlies
      - Ocean Currents
        
        Gulf Stream, El Niño
      - Mountains & Rain Shadows
        
        Example: Deserts on leeward side
      - Greenhouse Effect
        
        Trapping heat, global warming
    - - Tropical Rainforest
        
        High rainfall, biodiversity
        
        Example Species: Jaguars, Epiphytes
      - Desert
        
        Low precipitation, extreme temps
        
        Example Species: Cacti, Fennec Fox
      - Savanna
        
        Grasslands with scattered trees
        
        Example Species: Lions, Elephants
      - Temperate Grassland
        
        Rich soils, seasonal rainfall
        
        Example Species: Bison, Prairie Dogs
      - Temperate Forest
        
        Deciduous trees, seasonal changes
        
        Example Species: Deer, Oak Trees
      - Taiga / Boreal Forest
        
        Coniferous trees, cold winters
        
        Example Species: Moose, Pine Trees
      - Tundra
        
        Permafrost, low vegetation
        
        Example Species: Caribou, Arctic Fox
    - - Freshwater
        
        Lakes
        
        Example: Lake Michigan
        
        Rivers
        
        Example: Mississippi River
        
        Wetlands
        
        Example: Florida Everglades
      - Marine
        
        Intertidal Zone
        
        Example: Tide Pools
        
        Ocean Pelagic Zone
        
        Example: Open Ocean Fish
        
        Coral Reefs
        
        Example: Great Barrier Reef
      - Estuaries
        
        Mix of freshwater & saltwater
        
        Example Species: Crabs, Mangroves
    - - Temperature
        
        Limits species range
      - Water Availability
        
        Deserts vs Rainforests
      - Sunlight
        
        Photosynthesis in plants
      - Nutrient Availability
        
        Soil fertility
      - Disturbances
        
        Fires, Storms, Floods
    - - Natural Selection & Adaptation
        
        Example: Peppered Moth Coloration
      - Species Interactions
        
        Predation, Competition, Mutualism
      - Coevolution
        
        Example: Hummingbirds & Flower Shape