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Ecology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - • Innate Behavior
        
        • automatic / inherited
        
        • fixed action patterns
        
        • triggered by sign stimulus
        
        • example: goose egg retrieval
    - - • modification by experience
      - • habituation – decreased response
      - • imprinting – critical period learning (duckling following mother)
      - • spatial learning – cognitive maps
      - • associative learning
      - • classical conditioning
      - • operant conditioning
  - - - • Visual signals
        
        • Auditory signals
        
        • Chemical signals (pheromones)
        
        • Tactile signals
        
        • Example: bee dance (waggle dance → food direction)
  - - - • Courtship rituals
        
        • Mate choice
        
        • Intersexual selection
        
        • females choose based on traits
        
        • Intrasexual selection
        
        • male–male competition
        
        • Examples: peacock feathers, deer antler fights
  - - - • Agonistic behavior
        
        • threats, rituals, contests
        
        • Territorial Behavior
        
        • Dominance hierarchies
        
        • Altruism
        
        • increases inclusive fitness
        
        • kin selection
        
        • example: bees / prairie dogs
  - - - • Natural selection & fitness
        
        • Energy trade-offs
        
        • Maximizing reproductive success
        
        • Environmental pressures
- - - - • Solar energy
      - • sun intensity varies by latitude
      - • Earth’s tilt
      - • causes seasons
      - • Global air circulation
      - • Hadley cells, trade winds
      - • Bodies of water
      - • ocean currents moderate climate
      - • Mountains
      - • rain shadow effect
  - - - • Determined by:
      - • temperature
      - • precipitation
      - • seasonal variation
      - • Examples:
      - • Tropical Forest
      - • rainfall high, high biodiversity
      - • Desert
      - • low rainfall, extreme temps
      - • Savanna
      - • grassland + scattered trees
      - • Temperate Forest
      - • seasonal climate, deciduous trees
      - • Taiga
      - • conifers, cold winters
      - • Tundra
      - • permafrost, low vegetation
  - - - • Characterized by:
      - • salinity
      - • depth
      - • flow
      - • light availability
      - • Freshwater
      - • lakes (oligotrophic vs eutrophic)
      - • rivers & streams
      - • wetlands
      - • Marine
      - • ocean pelagic zone
      - • coral reefs
      - • estuaries (transition zone)
  - - - • Natural selection shapes adaptations
      - • Traits match local conditions
      - • Example:
      - • Galápagos finch beak variation
      - • coloration for camouflage
      - • Climate + geography drive speciation