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Chapter 14 & Chapter 15 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - is a fatal inherited disorder; a dysfunctional enzyme causes an accumulation of lipids in the brain
    - - Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal genetic disease in the United States, striking one out of every 2,500 people of European descent
    - - It is caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein in red blood cells
    - - In amniocentesis, the liquid that bathes the fetus is removed and tested for certain genetic disorders
        
        In chorionic villus sampling (CVS), a sample of the placenta is removed and tested
        
        Other techniques, such as ultrasound, allow fetal health to be assessed visually in utero
    - - One common test is for phenylketonuria (PKU), a recessively inherited disorder that occurs in one of every 10,000-15,000 births in the United States
    - - Huntington's disease is a degenerative disease of the nervous system.The disease has no obvious phenotypic effects until the individual is about 35 to 40 years of age. Once the deterioration of the nervous system begins the condition is irreversible and fatal
  - - - sex linked traits
        
        Men cannot be carriers of sex linked Traits. however If it is not sex linked, they can be carriers
        
        sex linked traits appear more often in men since they only have one x meaning they either have it or don't
        
        sex linked traits are expressed less often in females when compared to men due the fact that women needs two copies of the trait in both x's for it to express it's self
        
        examples
        
        C=Normal Vision
        
        c=Color Blindness
        
        Female: XC Xc -> Carrier but not colorblind
        
        Female with: Xc Xc
        
        XC Xc(Carrier Female) XC Y(Male normal Vision)
        
        Female Carriers:2 Male Normal:1 Male Color Blind:1
  - - - Dominant Alleles
        
        Dominant is a trait that is always expressed of present represented by a Capital letter
        
        Example: any uppercase but for this P
        
        PP- homozygous dominant
      - Recessive alleles
        
        Recessive- both parents must pass on the recessive trait to offspring for it to be represented by a lowercase letter
        
        example:any lower case but for this p
        
        pp-homozygous recessive
        
        Pp-Heterozygous
      - co dominance
        
        when 2 or more alleles are dominant simultaneously
        
        example:AB blood type, where both A and B alleles are fully expressed at the same time.
      - incomplete Dominance
        
        the Blending of two or more traits
        
        examples: red pea plant + white pea plant= Pink pea plant
  - - - Pleiotropy
        
        a single gene influences multiple phenotypic traits
      - Epistasis
        
        Expression of a gene at one area alters the phenotypic expression of another gene
      - Polygenic inheritance
        
        an additive effect or two or more genes on a single phenotype
  - - - A-> 🔺🔺🔺-> IA IA or IA C(AA,AC)
      - Antigen:A
      - Antibodies:B
    - - B->▪️▪️▪️ IB IB or IB C (BB,BC)
      - Antigen: B
      - Antibodies:A
    - - AB ▪️▪️▪️🔺🔺🔺->Universal Recipient IA IB
      - Antigen: AB
      - Antibodies:none
    - - O -> O Universal Donor ii
      - Antigen: none
      - Antibodies: A&B
    - - +/-
        
        Positive Dominant
        
        Negative Recessive
    - - Substance that can stimulate an immune response
    - - Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that play a crucial role in identifying and neutralizing foreign substances
  - - - A heritable feature that varies among individuals is called a character
      - examples:Hair Color,Plant color,etc
    - - Each variant for a character, such as purple or white color for flowers, is called a trait
      - examples:black,brown,red,blonde,etc:
  - - - A dihybrid cross is a genetic experiment that involves the study of two different traits
    - - A genetic cross that examines the inheritance of one single trait between two individuals
- - - - Only 78 genes, coding for about 25 proteins, have been identified on the human Y chromosome
    - - Genes on the X chromosome are called X-linked genes; the human X chromosome contains about 1,100 genes
    - - better definition Two genes that are close to one another have a higher likelihood to get passed on together
      - This involves genetic recombination, the production of offspring with combinations of traits differing from either parent
  - - - some processes occasionally break the physical connection between genes on the same chromosome
      - although some genes are linked, non-parental allele combinations are still produced
  - - - the SRY gene (Y chromosome) Determines testes development
      - A person with two X chromosomes usuallydevelops anatomy we associate with the “female”sex
      - • “Male” properties are associated with theinheritance of one X and one Y
    - - If a female is heterozygous for a particular gene located on the X chromosome, she will be a mosaic for that character
        
        One of the genes there becomes active only on the chromosome that will be inactivated The gene is called XIST (X-inactive specific transcript)