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CH 14: Mendel and Gene Idea, Ch 15: The chromosomal basis of inheritance -…
CH 14: Mendel and Gene Idea
Mitosis occurs in
Somatic Cells
Somatic cells are body cells
Meiosis- PMAT 2x (for sperm/egg cells only)
Haploid- half the amount "n"
Diploid- Twice the amount "2n"
Humans are Poly genetic (VERY DIVERSE)
Punnet square/ Mono hybrid cross: You can find the ratio of the genotype and phenotype
TERMS TO KNOW!
Dominant- is a trait that is always expressed
Alleles: Alternate verisons of genes
Recessive- Both parents must pass on the recessive trait to offspring for it to be expressed
Character- a feature, Trait- a specific expression
Homozygous dominant- TWO dominant alleles PP
Heterozygous- 1 dominant, 1 recessive Pp
Homozygous recessive- TWO recessive alleles pp
Phenotype- physically see
Genotype- genes that are present, represented by alleles (BOTH WRITTEN IN RATIO FORM)
Hemiozygous- 1 trait
Pleiotropy- most genes have multiple phenotypic effects
Epistasis- expression of one gene determines the functionally of several genes.
Complete dominance: Mendelian genetics
Incomplete dominance: blending of 2 or more traits
CO-DOMINANCE: two or more alleles are dominant simultaneously (ex: AB blood)
Blood types: Universal blood- AB
Universal donor- O
The proteins on the blood cannot be mixed, O blood types do not have proteins present so it can mix with all blood types
Type A
Antigens: A
Antibodies: B
Type B
Antigens: B
Antibodies: A
Type AB
Anitgens: AB
Antibodies: O
Type O
Antibodies: A and B
antigens: markers of the blood type
Antibodies: Proteins that targets foreign blood antigens
PEDIGREES: Representation of ancestor
Circle for female
Square for male
Line connecting = marries
Offspring listed in birth order
Fully shaded in- HAS condition
Partially shaded in- a carrier (MEN CANNOT BE A CARRIER)
SEX or X linked trait: characteristic determined by genes located on the sex chromosomes (can be linked to x chromosome, or y chromosome (if y-linked ONLY the male babies can inherit)
Dieseases talked in class
Tay-saccs an autosomal trait- both parents must have the mutation gene to be inherited, lethal
Huntington's disease- a degenerative disease of the nervous system, the phenotypic effects don't show until later in life (35-40 yrs old), once the nervous system is deteriorating it is irreversible
Ch 15: The chromosomal basis of inheritance
GENES
A gene of the y chromesome called SRY (sex-determining region on the y) is responsible for the development of the testes in embryo
Linked genes- two or more genes that are close together on a chromosome tend to be passed on together
Genetic recombination- the production of offspring with combinations of traits differing from either parent
CROSSING OVER IN PROPHASE I = an increase in genetic diversity
GENETIC MAP- and order list of the genetic location along a particular chromosome
TWO or more genes that are further apart have a higher likely hood of crossing over
Nondisjunction- pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separate normally during meiosis
Law of segregation GONE WRONG
Aneuploidy results from the fertilization of gametes in which nondisjunction occurred.
TERMS TO KNOW:
Polyploidy- a condition in which an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes (COMMON IN PLANTS)
Alternations of chromosome structure
Deletion- removes fragments
Duplication- repeats a segment
Inversion- reverses orientation
Translocation- moves a segment from one chromosome to another
