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Chapter 14&15, Screen Shot 2025-11-16 at 2.51.43 PM - Coggle Diagram

- - - - hybridization
        
        In a typical experiment, Mendel mated two
        contrasting, true-breeding varieties
        
        P-generation
        
        The true-breeding parents are called the
        
        F1 generation
        
        The hybrid offspring of the P generation are called
        the
        
        F2 generation
        
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  - - - determines the organism’s
        appearance
    - - no noticeable
        effect on appearance, if the two alleles at a locus differ, then one is dominant
  - - - Possible combinations of sperm and egg can be
        shown using a Punnett square
        
        homozygote
        
        An organism with two identical alleles for a gene
        
        It is said to be homozygous for the gene
        controlling that character
        
        An organism with two different alleles for a gene is
        a heterozygote and is said to be heterozygous for
        the gene controlling that character
        
        Not true breeding
        
        phenotype- physical appearance
        
        genotype-genetic makeup
        
        determine the genotype-carry out a
        testcross
        
        breeding the mystery individual with a
        homozygous recessive individual
        
        monohybrids- heterozygous for one character
        
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  - - - applies only to genes on different,
        nonhomologous chromosomes or those far apart
        on the same chromosome
  - - - incomplete dominance, the phenotype of F1
        hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of
        the two parental varieties
        
        codominance, two dominant alleles affect the
        phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways
  - - - Carriers are heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal
      - Cystic fibrosis is the most common lethal genetic disease in the United States, striking one out of every 2,500 people of European descent
      - Sickle-cell disease affects one out of 400 African-Americans
        
        caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein in red blood cells In homozygous individuals, all hemoglobin is abnormal (sickle-cell)
      - Huntington’s disease is a degenerative disease of the nervous system
- - - - polyploidy=a condition in which an organism has more than a complete set of chromosomes