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Ecology Part 1:, Innate: Inherited behavior that an animal is born with. -…
Ecology Part 1:
Ecology and the Biosphere
Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth
Lakes: Land-locked bodies of freshwater
Wetlands: Swamps/Marshes with trees containing freshwater.
Streams/Rivers: Moving bodies of water
Estuaries: Coastal areas where freshwater from rivers mixes with saltwater from the ocean.
Intertidal Zones: Coastal areas that lies between the high tide line and the low tide line; rocky coasts.
Ocean Pelagic Zones: Open, deep ocean that is away from the coast and sea floor.
Coral Reefs: Shallow photic ocean water full of colonies of tiny animals called coral polyps
Marine Benthic Zones: The deepest, bottom points of the ocean
Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species
Many physical barriers block dispersal including Mountains, Oceans, Deserts, Rivers
Different animals require different habitat structures
Animals live where they can maintain body temperature, obtain food, and reproduce.
Terrestrial biomes:
Tropical Forest: Occurs in equatorial and subequatorial areas, high temperatures and wet conditions year round, and home to millions of species of animals and plants (jungle).
Desert: 30° North and South of the equator, very dry and hot, very little vegetation (cactus), and few reptiles and bugs.
Savanna: Between deserts and grasslands, seasonal weather, and warm temperatures. The dominant plants are grasses with lots of herbivores and birds.
Chaparral: Between deserts and grasslands, seasonal weather, and warmer temperatures. The dominant plants are grasses and shrubs with herbivores and birds.
Temperate Grassland: 30-60° North and South, moderate weather with temperatures changing with the seasons. The dominant plants are grasses with herbivores and birds
Northern Coniferous Forest: 60° on the tops of mountains, weather is wet and the temperatures are cold. The dominant plants are Conifer trees and are home to large predators.
Temperate Broadleaf Forest: 30-60° North and South, moderate rain and precipitation, and seasonal temperatures. The dominant plants are Broadleaf trees and have a diverse animal population.
Tundra: 90° near the poles. It is very dry and very cold. The dominant plant life are short-lived wildflowers and herbs with few animals (mostly birds)
Ecological change and evolution affect one another over long and short periods of time
The environment drives evolution by determining which traits help organisms survive and reproduce.
At the same time, evolution allows organisms to adapt to their environment over generations.
Factors that affect Earth's climate
Wind:
Wind redistributes heat and moisture across the planet
Temperature:
Temperature determines how much heat energy the atmosphere and surface hold.
It influences evaporation, air pressure, and wind patterns.
Precipitation:
Precipitation patterns (rain, snow, sleet, hail) determine how wet or dry a region’s climate is.
The amount, frequency, and type of precipitation shape ecosystems like rainforests, grasslands, and deserts.
Sunlight:
More solar energy = warming; less = cooling.
Animal Behaviors
The four main motivations for an animal's behavior are:
Finding food to gain energy and survive.
Reproduction to pass on genes to the next generation.
Avoiding predators to stay alive and avoid threats.
Protecting their young to ensure their survival.
Innate: Inherited behavior that an animal is born with.
Fixed Action Pattern: A sequence of unlearned, innate behaviors triggered by a specific stimulus, that is unchangeable and carried to completion once started.
Imprinting: A form of learning occurring during a critical period early in life, where an animal forms attachments or associations.
Associative Learning: Learning that certain events occur together- linking one stimulus with another or with a response.
Trial and Error: Learning to associate a behavior with a consequence (reward or punishment).
Habituation: Decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure when the stimulus is neither rewarding nor harmful.
Observational Learning: Learning new behaviors by watching and mimicking other organisms.
Insight Learning: Problem-solving that occurs through reasoning or sudden understanding rather than by trial and error.
Ex. A crow bending a wire to create a hook to retrieve food.
Ex. Young chimpanzees learning to use tools by observing older chimps.
Ex. Sea anemones stop retracting their tentacles after repeated non-harmful touches
Ex. A rat learning to press a lever for food.
Ex. Pavlov's dogs salivating when hearing a bell associated with meat.
Ex. Ducklings following the first moving object they see after hatching.
Ex. A male stickleback fish attacking anything with a red underside.
Ex. Babies grasping and nursing.