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Ecology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - latitudinal variation in sunlight intensity
      - air circulation and precipitation patterns
    - - seasons
        
        equinox
        
        september
        
        March
        
        equator faces sun, neither pole tilts, 12 hrs of light and dark equally
        
        solstice
        
        december
        
        SH titled towards sun; longest day &shortest night
        
        NH tilts away; shortest day & longest night
        
        june
        
        NH tilted towards the sun; long day short night
        
        SH tilts away from the sun; shortest day and longest night
      - bodies of water
        
        water currents are conterclockwise in the SH and clockwise in the NH
        
        Water is warmed at the equator and flows north and south toward the poles, where it cools
      - mountains
        
        rain shadow
        
        warm, moist air approaches a mountain, the air rises and cools, releasing moisture on the windward side of the peak . On the leeward side, cooler, dry air descends, absorbing moisture
    - - Forests reduce Earth’s surface temperature and they increase precipitation rates
      - forest absorbs more (and reflects less) solar energy than does a desert or grassland, thereby contributing to a warming of Earth’s surface in forested areas
    - - specific climatic conditions underneath a log
    - - burning of fossil fuels and deforestation are increasing the concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
  - - - chaparral
        
        australia, mediterranean sea
        
        dry/wet season
        
        more warm than cold
        
        grasses and shrubs
      - temperate grassland
        
        middle latitudes, where the climate is moderate, and are dominated by various grass species
        
        arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and by large grazing mammals
      - desert
        
        dry
        
        hot/cold
        
        few plants
        
        few retiles and insects
      - temperate broadleaf forest
        
        30-60 latitude
        
        fairly wet
        
        seasonal temp
        
        broad leaf trees
        
        insects, birds, rodents
      - Savanna
        
        btwn desert and grassland
        
        dry/wet season
        
        warm
        
        grasses & shrubs
        
        large predators & herbivores
      - northern coniferous forest
        
        N/S 60 lat and up mountains
        
        seasonal depend on side of mountain
        
        cold
        
        conifers
        
        small prey and large animals; bear, moose
      - tropical forest
        
        wet
        
        near equator
        
        jungle
        
        variety of animals and bugs
        
        hot
      - tundra
        
        close to poles
        
        cold
        
        dry
        
        low growing plants
        
        few birds/herbivores
    - - transition from one type of habitat or ecosystem to another
        
        transition from a forest to a grassland.
    - - A natural or human-caused event that changes a biological community and usually removes organisms from it
        
        fires and storms, play a pivotal role in structuring many communities
  - - - ocean
        
        pelagic
        
        vertical open-water component of aquatic biomes (photic/aphotic)
        
        photic
        
        where light penetrates sufficiently for photosynthesis to occur
        
        benthic
        
        bottom surface of an aquatic environment
        
        aphotic
        
        where light does not penetrate sufficiently for photosynthesis to occur
        
        abyssal
        
        ocean’s benthic zone between 2,000 and 6,000 m deep
        
        neritic
        
        distance closer to shore
        
        coastal
        
        oceanic
        
        distance further from shore
        
        intertidal
      - lake
        
        littoral
        
        distance closer to shore
        
        limnetic
        
        distance further from shore
    - - separates the more uniformly warm upper layer from more uniformly cold deeper waters
    - - sends oxygenated water from a lake’s surface to the bottom and brings nutrient-rich water from the bottom to the surface in both spring and autumn
    - - estuaries
        
        wetlands that are salt and fresh water
        
        transition from river and sea
      - intertidal zones
        
        rocky aquatic area that changes with the tides
      - streams/rivers
        
        freshwater moving bodies of water
      - ocean pelagic
        
        deep water
      - wetlands
        
        water saturated soil
        
        edges of swampy bodies of water
      - coral reefs
        
        photic zone offshore
        
        stable tropical marine clear water
      - lakes
        
        oligotrophic
        
        nutrient poor, oxygen rich
        
        eutrophic
        
        nutrient rich, oxygen poor
        
        inland freshwater
      - marine benthic
        
        bottom of ocean
        
        neritic
        
        offshore pelagic
  - - - movement of individuals or gametes away from their area of origin or from centers of high population density
      - Range Expansions
        
        when organisms reach an area where they did not exist previously
        
        cattle egret
        
        adaptive radiation
        
        the rapid evolution of an ancestral species into new species that fill many ecological niches
        
        ancestral tarweed
      - Transplants
        
        successful: potential range of the species is larger than its actual range
        
        species could live in certain areas where it currently does not
    - - temperature
        
        effects biological processes
        
        thermophilic prokaryotes live outside the temperature range habitable by other life
        
        mammals and birds expend energy regulating their internal temperature
        
        rising sea temperatures have affected the geographic range of the sea urchin C. rodgersii, thusly, algal communities were destroyed in regions where the urchin has become well established
      - water and oxygen
        
        distribution of terrestrial species reflects their ability to obtain and conserve water
        
        Desert animals adapted to conserve water in dry environments
        
        Water affects oxygen availability in aquatic environments and in flooded soils due to slow diffusion
      - salinity
        
        affects the water balance of organisms through osmosis
        
        Salmon balance salt content by adjusting the amount of water they drink and by switching their gills from taking up salt in fresh water to excreting salt in the ocean
      - sunlight
        
        too little sunlight can limit the distribution of photosynthetic species
        
        high light levels can increase temperature stress
      - rocks and soil
        
        terrestrial environments, the , mineral composition, and physical structure of rocks and soil limit the distribution of plants and thus of the animals that feed on them
        
        In a river, the composition of rocks and soil that make up the substrate (riverbed) can affect water chemistry, which in turn influences the resident organisms
    - - other species limit the distribution of a species
        
        urchins that graze on seaweeds and other algae are common, large stands of seaweeds do not become established
  - - - appearance of new plant species provided new habitats and new sources of food for insects and other animals
    - - :arrow_upper_left:
        
        alters selective pressures in population
        
        Evolutionary change
        
        :arrow_lower_right:
        
        alters outcome of ecological outcomes
    - - millenium
        
        apple maggot fly
      - decades
        
        beak length in soapberry bugs
      - rapid periods
        
        Trinidadian guppy populations evolve rapidly when predators are removed
- - - - pavlov's dog's response to a bell
    - - birds learning how to use the vendinng machine
    - - ducklings following the 1st creature they see after hatching
    - - macaque sticking out its tongue because handler did so
    - - stickleback fish attacking models with red belly
    - - monkey using boxes to get to the banana on ceiling
    - - grasping reflex
    - - anemones stop eating plastic once they realize they didnt get joy from it
  - - - many bird species are monogamous to raise chicks that can't feed themselves
    - - minnows releasing pheromone alarm signals to pack into schools closer to the bottom of a lake and reducing movement
    - - male magnificent frigatebird inflating his red pouch when female is nearby
    - - Honeybee dance language