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Animal Behavior, Ecology & the Biosphere - Coggle Diagram
Animal Behavior, Ecology & the Biosphere
Chapter 51: Animal Behavior
Behavioral ecology
Studt of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior
Fixed Action Patterns
Sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus
Behavior based on a stimulus that triggers a reaction
Stickleback attacking when they see anything that has the color red
Migration
Environmental stimuli can provide cues that animals use to carry out certain behaviors
Some animals can track their position relative to the sun
Animal can adjust to environments that they have never encountered by Circadian Clock
Communication
Fruit fly
Stimulus response chain which the response to each stimulus is itself a stimulus for the next behavior
Tactile communication
Touching
Auditory communication
male vibrating its wings producing a courtship song
Depends on the animals lifestyle and environment
Mammals
Olfactory and Auditory signals
Most are nocturnal making visual display ineffective
Birds and Diurnal
Visual and Auditory communication
Human
Visual and Auditory communication
European honeybee
Forager preforms a waggle dance that lets the follower bees the direction and distance of the food
Preforming the dance
bee follows a half-circle swing in one direction
Half-circle swing in the other direction
Straight run during which it waggles its abdomen
How does the dance communicate?
Dance with longer straight run and more abdominal waggles per run indicates a greater distance to the food
When the food is found near the bee moves in tight circles while moving its abdomen from side to side
Pheromones
Can serve as alarm signals
Innate Behavior
Animal behavior that is developmentally fixed and under strong genetic control
Baby grasping a finger
Baby snake flipping over and smelling rotten
Cross-fostering study
Young of one species are placed in the care of adults from another species in the same or a similar environment
Seeing how much the offsprings behaviors changes which provides a measure of how the social and physical environment influences behavior
Can result in Epigenetic changes which can be passed onto further generations
Epigenetic changes
Experience does not modify gene sequences, but they can chemically modify DNA with the result that certain genes are more or less active
Imprinting
Establishment of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object
Only takes place during a specific time period in development called the sensitive period
Spatial learning
Establishment of a memory that reflects the environment's spatial structure
Can enhance a organism's fitness
Cognitive map
Representation in an animal's nervous system of the spatial relationship between objects in its surroundings
Associative Learning
Associate one environmental feature like color with another such as tasting bad
Associating one stimulus with another to trigger a reaction
Pavlo dog experiment
Cognition and Problem Solving
Cognition
Process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgment
Problem Solving
Cognitive activity of devising a method to proceed from one condition to another in the face of real/apparent obstacles
Chimpanzee placed in a room with boxes and a banana hung high out of reach
Social Learning
Learning through observing and interpreting behaviors and their consequences
Person sticks tongue out monkey follows
Optimal foraging model
Based on the idea that natural selection should favor foraging behavior that minimizes the cost of foraging and maximizes the benefits
Sexual Dimorphism
Monogamous
Relationship where one male mates exclusively with one female
Both parents are needed to care for their offspring
Polygamous
A organism of one sex mating with multiple individuals of the opposite sex
Certain traits are more likely to attract mates
Cause sexual selection
Intersexual selection
Females choosing their mates based on certain traits such as apparance
Intrasexual selection
Competition within the same species
Game theory
Way of thinking about evolution in situations where the fitness of a particular behavioral phenotype is influenced by other behavioral phenotypes in the population
Kin selection
Favors altruistic behavior by enhancing the reproductive success of relatives
Coefficient of relatedness and Hamilton's rule provide a way of measuring the strength of the selective forces favoring altruism against the pontential cost of slefless behavior
Altruism
Effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing its own offspring and by producing aid that enables close relatives to reproduce
Habituation
Same stimulus repeatedly until it becomes non-threatening
Trial & Error (Operant Conditioning)
Trying stuff until you get it right (dopamine hits) and keep doing it
Motivations for animal behavior
Mating
Eating
Avoiding predators
Rasing young
Chapter 52: Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
Ecology
The study of interactions between organisms & environment
What are the fields within ecology?
Ecosystem
Looking at organism and environment (weather, temperature) and how non-living organisms interact and affect the environment
Landscape
How does one part of the world affect the other side of the world
Community
How all species interact with the environment
Population
Branches out from organisms and looks at how species interact with the environment
Global
Looking at the whole planet at once
Organismal
Looking at a particular organism and figuring out how they interact with its environment at a small level
poles are cold due to sunlight not hitting them as directly as it would in the equator since the earth is tilted therefor making them be at the bottom
we experience seasons is because of the tilt of Earth's axis rotation and its annual passage around the sun
place that you can go on the planet and not experience seasons is the equator and the poles
Exact tilt of the earth is 23.5 degrees
causes seasonal differences as well as day and night length through solstices having longer days + shorter nights + equinoxes having equal day and night times
Northern hemisphere toward Sun
Summer Solstice
overhead tropic of cancer (23.5)
above equator
next date around June 20-22, 2026
Northern hemisphere away from Sun
Winter Solstice
around December 21s
northern hemisphere receives lower amount of light leading to shorter days and longer nights
Earths tilt is most perpendicular around March 21st and September 21st (fall and spring equinoxes)
Earths rotational axis is at 90-degree angle connecting earth and the sun, leading to equal amounts of day and night where sun rays hit equator
Latitude
Imaginary horizontal lines that measure distance/angle from equator; north or south
Air Rises
0- 60 degrees since hot air rises; relives pressure, and causes rain when it cools
Rainforest
Air Falls
30-90 degrees since cold air sinks; creates pressure, and dry air sucks up moisture
Desert
Longitude
Imaginary vertical lines that measure distance/angle east and west from prime meridion
Climate
Long-term prevailing weather conditions at a given place
Factors of earth that affect climate
Physical
Temperature
Precipitations
Sunlight
Wind
Regional
Mountains
Absorb and release heat slowly
Bodies of water
Influences climate by heating or cooling overlying air masses that pass
Ocean current
Can block wind and moisture
Weather
Short-term atmospheric conditions at a given place
Wind
What creates wind?
the heating and cooling of the earth and the coriolis effect
Direction of wind?
blows from high to low pressures due to Coriolis effect help make the following patterns
Trade winds
Flow from East to West starting from 30 degrees north & south and flows west toward equator
Westerlies
Flow from West to East starting from 30 degrees N & S and ending at 60 degrees N & S
Doldrums
A region in equator where trade wind meets typically low pressure and frequent thunderstorms
Earths rotation
Looking down on earth from the north pole the earth would be turning Counter-clockwise
Northern hemisphere
Water and air currents turn clockwise around high-pressure systems and counterclockwise around low-pressure systems
Are deflected right
Southern hemisphere
Water and air currents turn counterclockwise around high-pressure systems and clockwise around low-pressure systems
Are deflected left
Carbon Cycle
Describes the movement of carbon among the biosphere and ocean
Increases atmospheric CO2
Cellular respiration
decomposition
burning fossil fuels
Deforestation
volcanic eruptions
Decreases atmospheric CO2
Photosynthesis by plants and phytoplankton
Climate change
Caused by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases (carbon, methane, nitrous oxide) being released into the atmosphere
Has happened before
Potential effects
rising of global temperatures
increase in sea levels
Change in weather patterns
change of animal environment
Can't be described as global warming because climate change involves more than just the increase of temperatures
Environmental Factors
Biotic
Living organisms
Plants, Animals
Abiotic
Non-living
Temperature and Weather
Microclimate V.S Weather
Climate pattern on a very small scale while weather is an atmospheric condition of a large region
Ecotone
The transition from one type of habitat or ecosystem to another
Biomes
Differ with height
Temperature and pressure change with height
Change over time
Because of climate change, storms, fire, and human activity