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CONFLICT AND MIGRATION - Coggle Diagram
CONFLICT AND MIGRATION
Role of violent conflict
in generate migration
To other countries
IDP
(internally displaced person)
ARTICLES
Conflict, Displacement and Refugees
Life-Cycle of Displacement
Experience
"After"
Causes
Gender Lens
1990 UNHCR
Guidelines on Protection of Refugee Women
Gender Guidelines on refugee status determination (2002)
Gender Based Harms across
trajectory of displacement
Causes of Displacement
and during fight
In exile
Justice in camps is limited. Treated
like isolated spaces outside normal
legal system
Urban Displacement
Men subject to arbitrary arrest or suspicion
Stetelessness
Women can't pass citizenship in
some countries
Visa for married couple with different
nationalities can fragment families
End of displacement?
Return
Women can have issue to re-clamed their land
Dominant humanitarian Paradigm led to
Little engagem with dynamics that shape
who is displaced, how and the long term consequences
NEED FOR: gender-sersitive approach
CONFLICT AND CRISIS INDUCED DISPLACEMENT
Displacement needs to be seen with its political
and security implications, not only as humanitarian issue
Induced Displacement causes
ROOT CAUSES
Structural Oppression
Inequalities
historic grievances
PROXIMATE CAUSES
Genocide
Large-scale Displacement
Politicide
Civil Wars
Ethnic Cleanising
Riots
Different conflict produce different displacement
Refugees flows in bad neighbourhood
can spill conflict across border
CONFLICT-INDUCED DISPLACEMENT:
UNDERSTANTING THE CAUSES OF FIGHT
Choice Centered approach
to forced Migration
Individual-Level variation influence
displacement. Factors:
Economic
Social
Political
Environmental factors
Type of Violence (and intensity)
that helps predict migration
Actual violence
Forced recruitment
Assault
Torture
increases
likelihood of fleeing
Threatened / Perceived violence
Dimension that influence Flight
Social Networds
decrease
likel.
Political Affiliation
people opposing partly
more
lik to flee
Displacement is therefore political
Destruction of livelihood
Land Seizure
increse
like
Road Access
increases
likel
Economic Opportunities
Employment opp
reduce
likelyhood of migration
Destruction of industries
increase
likelihood
Demographic factoes
FORCED MIGRATION & INTERNATIONAL CRISES
A SECURITY CENTERED ANALYSIS
Forced Migration: high-politics,
interstate security concern
Forced Migration Magnitude (FMM0 index)
to measure severity of forced migration Crisis
Migration
Can escalate tension across borders
Transform Local crises into international Crises
International Relations Issue
caused and contributes to political violence
Migration = bidirectional crisis
Conflict -> forced migration
Forced Migeation -> interstate conflict
Findings
Migration increases likelihood and
intensity of violence
Forcced migration is a driver for interstate instability
FMC escalate more, last longer and often lead to wars
FM is a security phenomenon and issue!
PUSH - PULL PLUS
FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING
MIGRATION DRIVERS
Model centered on Migration Drivers
Drivers: Structural Forces that
leads to decision to migrate
Migration: interaction
between
Structures
(landscape in which
agency operate)
Agency
Migration Drivers
Proximate Drivers
Signal Deteriorating
Conditions
Precipitating Drivers
Wars, natural disasters etc
Predisposing Drivers
Environmental Degradation
Demographic Pressures
Economic Disparities
Global Inequalities
State Fragility / Political Repression
Cultural Norms
Mediating Drivers
Transport network, Border policies,
Smuggling, Information flows, Diasporas
Dimensions of Drivers
Locality
Scale
Selectivity
Duration
Tractability
Drivers works in clusters
Clusters determine
Direction of Movement
Timing
Composition of Migrants
Duration
Irregular vs regular Pathways
Traditional Push Pull model
frames migration as
Push
Conflict
Stagnation
Poverty
Pull
Job
Income
Safety
Update Model
Includes
Structural Inequalities
Dynamic Process
Multi-layered drivers operating simultaneously
Changind context and Feedback loops
CONCLUSIONS
Proximate drivers can ossify into predisposing one
Inwards Migration shaped by inequality of opportunity
Migration is shaped by INTERACTING DRIVERS
MIGRATION GOVERNANCE RARELY TACKLES STRUCTURAL DRIVERS
policies focus on
Border Control
Camps
lead to
Irregular Journeys
Smuggling
Risk
Onwards Movement
Containment
Effective Migration Management
must engage with
Trade
Development
Welfare
Security
Inequality
Environmental Repair
FORCED MIGRATION OR
DISPLACEMENT
Distinction between
Conflict-induced Displacement
Disaster-induced Displacement
Forced Migration
Migratory Movement Involving
Refugees
IDPs
Displaced by Disasters
Victims of trafficking
Displacement
Armed Conflict
generalised Violence
Human rights violations
Disasters
DATA
Forced Displacement
Doubled between 2014 and 2023
40% are Children
Cross Border Displacement
Number of Refugee
tripled
in
past 10 years
73% of refugees come from 5 countries
40% of refugees hosted by 5 countries
69% in neighbour countries
75% hosted in Low-middle income countries
Internal Displacement
76 Million
68.3 displaced by violence
Resettlement
158,700 in 2023
Environmental changes
as driver of migration
Fighting for resources
Managing inflow
of A seeker
Humanitarian Aspect:
How to host and support them
Continuous Violence
Refugee camps restricting
their freedom
Amongst themself
between different fractions
Hostility from Hosts
Policies to deter
Movement pro migration
Politicise by parties
Diasporas
contribute or drive
violent conflict giving resources
to conflict countries
Support conflict resolution
by helping rebuild