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Covenant- an agreement/alliance often initiated by God. Abraham had a…

- - - - Book of Job- Hebrew Bible text that focuses on Job, a jewish man who endures suffering after a wager between God and Satan tests him. Its main purpose is to understand the problem of evil, and the explore the ideas of why bad things happen to good people.
        
        Job- A central figure from the Hebrew Bible who endures immense suffering to test his faith. Ultimately he remained loyal to God.
      - 613 Commandments- The total amount of commandments listed throughout the Torah.
      - The 10 Commandments- a summary of the most fundamental laws in the Torah, given to Moses at Mt. Sinai.
      - Maimonides 13 Principles- a summary of the core beliefs of Judaism written by Philosopher, Maimonides. The ideas were derived from the Torah and the Mishnah (which is a religious text of rabbinic Judaism).
    - - Prior to the Temple Destruction, there were four socio-religious groups that existed. They often had conflict.
        
        Essenes- After the destruction of the Temple, this group disappeared. They believed the Temple was corrupt and they practiced their own strict purity rules. They withdrew from mainstream Jewish society.
        
        The Temple Destruction- The two Temples were destroyed in 586 BCE by the Babylonians, and in 70 CE by the Romans. Without the Temples, the religion was transformed as they heavily relied on prayer in synagogues, studying the Torah, and ethical practices instead of their previous rituals that took place in the Temples. Ended Sacrificial worship and transformed to Rabbinic Judaism. The priestly class also lost their function and the new focus shifted to rabbis being the religious leaders.
        
        Not immediately after the Temple's destruction did these three major denominations emerge. They evolve after the Enlightenment in the 18th and 19th century Europe. These are the three most common denominations of Judaism today.
        
        Orthodox- Orthodox Judaism views the Torah and its laws as divinely dictated and binding.
        
        Conservative- viewing Jewish law as binding but believing it can be interpreted and adapted for modern life. It is a kind of middle ground between Orthodox Judaism and Reform Judaism.
        
        Reform- Reform Judaism sees the Torah as divinely inspired but human-written, with individuals having the right to choose which commandments to follow
        
        Messiah- The term Messiah means "anointed one," and usually refers to a future human leader and not a divine being. It is expected when they die they will pass on their leadership, making all Messiahs descendants of King David. While this term is relevant in Judaism before and after the Temple's destruction, it was the Messiah's role to build the third Temple.
        
        Zealots- A religious group that was eliminated in the Roman war. The Zealots resisted Roman authority, like paying taxes, which caused conflict. They thought it went against their monotheistic view.
        
        Pharisees- Believed in the Torah (written law), and the Oral Law (the way written law is interpreted). They believed the Oral Law provided necessary context for application of concepts of the Torah. Post destruction, they survived and evolved into Rabbinic Judaism.