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BOB TOPIC 3 - Angeline Ardythe Katarina Rajagukguk - 2506553534 - Coggle…
BOB TOPIC 3 - Angeline Ardythe Katarina Rajagukguk - 2506553534
Important cranial landmarks related to muscles, joints, vessels, nerves
Parietal bone
Temporal lines → temporalis attachment
Parietal foramina → emissary veins
(More appear in remaining slides but truncated — these cover core examples.)
Frontal bone
Supraorbital margin/foramen → supraorbital nerve
Frontal crest, temporal lines → temporalis fascia
Supports orbit roof
Classification of cranial bones by function
Neurocranium (8 bones)
Frontal, parietal×2, temporal×2, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid
Function → protect brain, meninges, vessels; muscle attachment
Viscerocranium (14 bones)
Mandible, maxilla×2, zygomatic×2, nasal×2, lacrimal×2, palatine×2, inf nasal conchae×2, vomer
Function → facial structure, airway/digestive entrances, muscle anchor
Differences among cranial bones by shape
Irregular bones
Temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, palatine, maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, inferior concha
Complex shapes, ridges/notches
Pneumatic bones
Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla
Air-filled sinuses, reduce weight, resonance
Flat bones
Frontal, parietal, occipital, nasal, lacrimal, vomer
Diploë between compact bone layers
Differences in ossification: maxilla vs mandible
Maxila
Intramembranous ossification
No primary cartilage model
Mandible
Mainly intramembranous ossification
BUT develops around Meckel’s cartilage
Meckel’s cartilage forms malleus, incus; guides mandible
Microscopic structural differences: maxilla vs mandible
Maxilla
More trabecular (spongy) bone
Thinner cortical plates
More vascular → softer
Mandible
Thick cortical bone (dense)
Less trabecular bone
Stronger, more compact → supports mastication forces
Anatomical landmarks (foramina, projections, depressions, canals, rough surfaces)
Projections
Mastoid process → SCM attach
Styloid process → ligament/muscle attach
Zygomatic process → cheekbone
Coronoid process → temporalis
Condylar process → TMJ
Depressions
Mandibular fossa → TMJ
Fossa canina → maxilla
Lacrimal fossa → lacrimal sac
Temporal fossa → temporalis origin
Submandibular fossa → gland
Foramina
Foramen magnum → occipital → spinal cord
Infraorbital foramen → maxilla → infraorbital nerve
Mental foramen → mandible → mental nerve
Supraorbital foramen → frontal → supraorbital nerve
Jugular foramen → CN IX, X, XI
Canals & rough surfaces
Optic canal → optic nerve
Carotid canal → ICA
Maxillary tuberosity → buccinator attach
Masseteric tuberosity → masseter
Joints forming the cranium + TMJ
Synchondroses (cartilaginous)
Spheno-occipital synchondrosis
Growth of cranial base
TMJ (synovial)
Mandibular condyle + mandibular fossa + articular tubercle
Articular disc → upper gliding, lower hinge
Ligaments → TMJ, sphenomandibular, stylomandibular
Movements → open/close, protrude/retrude, lateral
Cranial sutures (fibrous)
Allow brain growth; fuse with age
Coronal, sagittal, lambdoid