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Overall - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Childhood recent construction - pre 17th cent children viewed as little adults because of being classed as economic assets and high infant mortality making them expected to have same skill sets and abilities as adults
      - Evidenced by change in laws, education, rights and treatment in society - as well historical documents like diaries as well as photos
      - Old photos show lack of children clothes
      - Caused by social and economic factors such as lower infant mortality so viewed less as an economic asset and progresses to child centred view
      - Causes symbolism of childhood that people want to connect
  - - - 31% of siblings been hit, 30% been called nasty names
      - 1/3 of british 16 year olds living away from their dads
      - UNICEF - children in UK more prone to illness
    - - Children in UK more likely to spend time with friends than family and feel as though parents arent there for them when they need them
      - Children in UK more likely to have poor physical or mental health and spend more time with their friends than their family
      - Low income children more likely to spend time with friends and socially and personally develop less since do not get social development through parents
    - - Asian girls found to be more strictly controlled than their brothers are
    - - Limited on what they can do because of their age, Driving, drinking, having sex, buying certain goods, voting, choice in education etc
    - - NSPCC 1/5 children severely maltreated - 2005
      - 2005 - 1/5 girls hit by parents, 1/4 regularly
      - DfE 2013, 43,100 children in child protection programme
    - - 1 in 7 children globally work
      - 1 in 10 girls been sexually abused globally
      - 213 mil children between 5-17 working in sub-sahran africa
    - - 19th cent 70-80 hours, now average of 43 hours
    - - Children product of romantic love
      - Parents spend more time with (2x than in 1960s)
  - - - Appolonian and Dyonisian image - originally dynosian in which viewed as curious and self seeking in an evil way and so needed strict discipline - now appollonian in which viewed as inherintly good but this needs to be socialised out of them
      - Postmodern belief that because of reflexivity adults have less stable relationships and more divorce and so children are only permanent relationship
    - - Childhood a recent societal construction - originally viewed as little adults with same roles and responsibilities - change caused difference in laws and rights for children "little adults" shown by clothing differences and historical documents
    - - 15th cent development of the printing press caused development of childhood because highlight slow learning process of children - biological difference became sociological difference
      - Disappearance of childhood caused by lack of information hierarchy because of technological developments
    - - Toxic childhood - 10% of british children have mental health disorder because of technological developments, reduction of religion and stable households - parents need to reassert control and children need more freedom
    - - Asian Pakistani families place more pressure on children and so have different childhood experiences than white british children would
    - - Girls more restricted than boys and so have different childhood experience
  - - - No longer information hierarchy there used to be to be able to access different levels of information because of mass media
    - - Found that they were unregulated and kids created own storyline and fantasy world - support of postman because of unregulation issues of the game
    - - Much more restricted in what they could do no longer had complete freedom and so no longer in support of postman bc now regulated
    - - Childhood is not disappearing - imposition of rules on children because of the symbolic importance they have within schools
      - New forms of discipline - when in school behind desks 6 hours a day, when outside of school cannot go anywhere without parents
      - Post modernity affecting relationships children now only source of biological permanence in relationships
      - Shift of dionysian to apollonian image in late modernity perspective of children changing their childhood
      - Child abuse - more fearful for children because of what they symbolise and so are worried about abductions etc but cannot protect them so parents feel insecure
  - - - Decisions within countries around children are important, Britain children from lower classes more likely to be ill and have lower education
    - - Wells - girls socialised differently growing up then boys, less space and time or voice, more domestic labour
      - McRobbie - preteen girls given less freedom
    - - Bhatti - Pakastani and Bangladeshi families place more emphasis on honour than white british families
    - - 2/3 of british pakastani families in poverty
      - 60% of black children live with single parents
      - 50% of black children live in poverty
      - 2014-15 3.9m children lived in poverty
    - - Children should be given more recognition - British do not give children enough rights - Norway treat children like average citizens just slightly less rights
    - - Should be more focus on children themselves, conducted through interviews to understand their perspective on children
    - - 12 daily observations for 3 weeks with families all children around 10, 88 ppts
      - Lower class - parents more authorative, most had lower than a highschool degree, no backtalk from children, more free time
      - Middle class - parents had higher education, children debated with parents more, more organised activities together
- - - - Median age of population going up, fastest growing age group is over 90s
    - - Decreasing public spending means less money spent on nhs and pensions so pressure falls to charities, families and care homes
      - 1901 5% of pop 65+, 2014 17.7% of pop 65+
      - Creates bed blocking in the NHS
    - - Average annual bedcosts 3x that for 85+ than for 65-74 yrs old
      - Ageing population creates more single person households because of widowing
      - More pressure on care homes and housing estate
    - - More likely to vote so pensions going up faster than wages - pensioner poverty in decline
  - - - Low income, stress, heavy labour/manufacturing jobs, poverty, low social classes all linked to earlier death
    - - 19th cent to early 20th cent most early deaths from infectious diseases
      - 1948 NHS free health care
      - Development of antibiotics, immunisation and vaccination programmes decreased this
      - 1900s to 1970s deaths caused by diseases reduced by 75%
    - - 1800s to 1960s increasing nutirion and hygeine making people more resistant to diseases
    - - Better education about infleunce of alcohal, smoking, exercise and stress and how they influence health
      - 1956 clean air act encourage healthy lifestyles
    - - People living longer
      - Mortality rate now less than half the rate it was in 1901
  - - - In second demographic transition there is more insability in marriage
    - - Cultural - more emphasis on womens employability and education instead of just ability to have children
      - Economic - strong relationship between female employment and children - women mention cost and leave it too late
    - - First - decreasing in child centredness as move away from industrial society
      - Second - change to reflexivity and modernity
    - - Increasing use of contracpetion and effectiveness of it
  - - - It is good than old people are disengaged and pushed out of society, means there is no stagnation in workplace and keeps productivity up, prevents frustration and stress
    - - Marxist linked to structured dependency theory, old people are kept the way they are to be dependent on capitalist society, Those who are wc, women or ethnic minorities more likely to experience poverty in old age, richer old age is different
    - - Perspectives of ageing is what has the most deblitating effect, infantlising age people strips them of their full status of a grown adult
    - - Institutional ageism has mst damaging effects, infanitlising of older people causes biggest problems, 1 in 10 people over the age of 65+ have been hit by someone close to them who is meant to be looking after them
    - - Destandardisation of life course, people have more choice and because they are healthier have more freedom to do things
    - - Destandardisation of life course, baby boomers bringing traditional values into old age with them, people having kids later, people now have chronological age and mental ageA
    - - Usually healthier in old age
      - Grey pound
      - More choice and freedom
      - More time for activities
    - - Class
      - Subculture
      - Ethnicity
      - Gender
  - - - Early 20th cent most came from ireland, post WW2 came from common wealth because of labour shortagd, 1930s came from Europe to avoid prosecution
    - - Acceleration of migration
      - Feminisation of workers
      - Politicalisation of migration
    - - Most governments introduce assimilation policies
      - Translocalisation causes hybrid identities
- - - - Development of relationships is changing
      - Transformation of intimacy
        
        Modern love
        
        Love is based on romantic attraction no long just utilitarian
        
        Sex is seen as important because is based on attraction
        
        Plastic sexuality
        
        No longer just for reproduction
        
        Development of contraceptions
        
        Confluent love + pure relationship
        
        Relationships now based on how much they benefit the individual
        
        Only stay in it as long as it benefits you, more choice
        
        Modernity and self identity
        
        More reflexivity on how you are as a person and who you want to be
        
        More magazines and books on self development
    - - Normal chaos of love
        
        Changes in family life shaped by modernity and more choice and individualisation
      - Individualisation
        
        Growing opportunities where you are expected to make individual choice (social and geographical mobility)
      - Choices in families and relationships
        
        No longer constrained by tradition can now choose relationships based of feelings and attraction
      - Causes of conflict
        
        Increasing changes in employment, both men and women seek fulfilling employment so have less free time to devote to family time
  - - - Greer
        
        Unrewarding to be a duaghter
        
        Women as mothers have no place in society
        
        Once men are married they take traditional liberties
    - - Ansley
        
        Takers of shit
        
        Women absorb mens legitimate anger at alienation and unfulfillment from being exploited at work so bosses rest safer
      - Benston
        
        Unpaid labour of women taken advantage of
        
        If women paid for housework it would be a huge redistribution of wealth
    - - Sommerville
        
        Believes we can get rid of institutional sexism within the family through policy changes based on principled pragmatism
        
        Criticisms - ignores insistance of the patriarchy
  - - - No long assume there is one dominant type of family and relationship
      - Diversifying of western standards
      - Eval - new right - not all diversity is good, overexagerates extent of change
    - - 1980s G+L institutions anti-family
      - Because of prejudice has to change perspective to develop along western standards
- - - - Family is an ideological state apparatus
      - Form of socialisation to reproduce workers and legitimise inequality
    - - Done to solve property problems, give man a sole heir so that capitalism could thrive
    - - Family is institution for capitalism, unit of consumers and reproduce workers for the ruling class
  - - - Nuclear family base institution of family
      - 2 main purposes
        
        Socialisation of children - teach children social norms and values to reproduce society
        
        Stabilisation of adult personalities
        
        Marriage stabilises personality
        
        Having children can act on childish urges without judgement with children
      - Expressive and instrumental roles
        
        Man has instrumental role, goes out and is breadwinner
        
        Women has expressive role, handles all emotional work and housework/childcare - warm bath
    - - Conjugal family
      - Crucial for development
    - - 4 functions of family
        
        Sexual
        
        Teach monogamy
        
        Reproductive
        
        Without there would be no society
        
        Economic
        
        Unit of production
        
        Educational
        
        Teach societal norms
  - - - Criticisms - ignores other variations of family, ignores discontent within family, in later studies willmott never used symettrical families, no evidence extended family decreased
    - - Early industrial
        
        Family seeks wages outside of immediate circle, entrance into capitalism
      - Pre-industrial
        
        Family is its own unit of production
      - Symmetrical
        
        Wages outside of family decrease build extended family, informal unit of labour, mostly done by the women
      - New individualism
        
        Young, 21% live in single parent households, 9% live in unrelated households
- - - - More privatisation, less benefits, intervention with problem families good, overall intervention bad, dependency bad
    - - Made divorce easier, tax incentives for marriage, benefit cuts for single parents, section 28
    - - Dependency theory
      - Underclass
      - Kids copy their parents
      - Need perverse incentives so people are not dependent
      - Criticisms - fitzpatrick, ideology does not defeat poverty
    - - Gay and lesbian families promote promiscuity and should not be accepted into society
    - - Neoliberalism agreed with key beliefs but not emphasis on nuclear familyS
      - Section 28 1988
      - Divorce 1984
  - - - Austerity
      - Intervening with problem families
      - Small state
    - - Tax cuts for married and civil partnerships
      - First time child benefit receivers could not receive for 3rd and onward children
    - - 30 hours free childcare for 3+4 year olds during term time - later extended by Johnson
      - 2014 gay marriage
      - Joint parental leave
    - - 450bn policy for problem families
    - - Makes life easier for dual earner families without children
      - Makes life harder for lone parents
  - - - Social liberalism
      - Support and control
    - - 1998 HRA
      - 2006 act extend funding for childcare
      - Promote equality through extension of maternity leave
      - Outlaw discrimination
      - Get ready of marriage as rule for NHS fertility treatments and adoption
    - - Child poverty reduced by 25%
      - Sure start centres
      - Child and working tax incentives
    - - Henricson
      - Produced greater equality, socialist but also interventionist
    - - Help them help themselves
- - - - Gay men and women see friends as chosen families, couples have more choice, view relationships as more egalitarian
    - - Heteronorm is breaking down shown by chosen families and rise to civil partnerships and same sex marriages
    - - Pure relationship, younger same sex cp do it as expression of love, older ss cp do it for legal protections, priority of couple over kin not by choice
    - - Pure relationship based on self interest - direct opposite of temple malt
    - - Nature of family changing - more people can claim to be family because of NRT
    - - Less biological constraints so changing nature of family
    - - Increase in marital breakdown, rise in births to unmarried mothers
    - - Reduction of stigma towards unmarried mothers with children, less use of terms like illegitimate children and bastards
    - - Less stigma but still some, LP more likely to sit and eat a meal with child, help with homework, decrease personal spending to help child Less likely to read and play sports with child Overall no significant difference between engagement with children
    - - LP 2x as likely to be in poverty, 47% living on 60% or less of median income, kids more likely to have psyc problems and less likely to do well in social situations
    - - Individual more focused on self so more conflict in relationships so more solo living
  - - - British south asian families
        
        Higher marriage and fertility rates
        
        Rarely marry outside of own culture
        
        1/3 sikhs in arranged marriage
        
        Family honour still significant
      - British White families
        
        Lower marriage and fertility rates
        
        Marry outside of own ethnicity
      - British Carribean families
        
        Even lower marriage rates
        
        Similar fertility rates
        
        More lone parents
    - - More honour placed on traditional values within asian families, especially on traditional roles of females, females fertility rates and ability to have children judged, male main role is to be bread winner