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ISSUES AND DEBATES - Coggle Diagram

- - - - research criteria that are important to non-gendered research, WORRELL using alt methods to explore lives of women, women in natural settings + diverse samples
        
        psychologists who attempt to develop theories that emphasise women's importance CORNWELL ET AL females better at learning, challenges gender stereotypes
        
        take a feminist approach to restore imbalance, EAGLY females less effective leaders, purpose of the claim to encourage leadership programmes aimed at women
      - gender bias accepted if research deemed groundbreaking, Darwin's theory only recently challenged by DNA suggesting women also competitive
        
        gender bias can work against men, women deemed more sensitive, more likely depression diagnosis
        
        still prevalent, 2018 1000 articles showed gender bias research funded less and published less in prestigious journals
  - - - raises awareness of the harmful effects of cultural bias
        
        recognition can improve research quality SMITH AND BOND 1998, most psychological studies come from the UK or Europe
        
        improvement in diagnosing mental disorders, DSM-4 acknowledged cultural limitations and began to include culture-bound syndromes- progress towards cultural inclusivity
      - SMITH AND BOND indicates psychological knowledge still heavily biased toward western cultures
- - - - BIO DETERMINISM, MZ twin studies 80% IQ scores similar and 40% likelihood both depression: BECAUSE NOT 100%, OTHER FACTORS MUST BE INVOLVED
        
        provides potential to excuse crime e.g. blame experiences or a specific gene
      - ERICH FROMM supports determinism, we all have potential to control lives but afraid to do so, so we give up freedom
        
        LIBET ET AL motor regions of brain active before person registers conscious awareness of decision, responses biological
  - - - experimental reductionism good, able to study influence of behaviour and causal relationships- impossible to do so if all factors were studied
        
        bio reductionism has led to development of biological therapies e.g. SOOMRO ET AL SSRIs reduce OCD anxiety
      - bio reductionism can lead to errors of understanding, ignores complexity of human behaviour, ADHD treatments such as ritalin reduce symptoms but true cause unaddressed
        
        environmental reductionism criticised for methodology e.g. PAVLOV animal research doesn't measure emotion and intention
        
        holism attempts to provide complete and realistic understanding however doesn't establish causation
- - - - unique situations, ALLPORT only through understanding individuals can psychologists predict how individuals will behave in given situations
        
        case studies can undermine existing theories, KF challenged existing belief of MSM that STM is one component
      - unable to produce laws and predictions , essentially unscientific
        
        time consumins, little hans 150 pages quotes from his father, methodological flaws
    - - highly scientific, reliable repeatable
        
        able to predcit and control behaviour e.g. research into OCD
      - lose sight of the whole person, superficial understanding HOLT ideo/nomo false distinction- two approaches complimentary rather than contradictory
  - - - ignoring socially sensitive areas amounts to an abdication of 'social responsibilities', SCARR "we cannot afford to hide our heads for fear of socially uncomfortable discoveries"
        
        not all socially sensitive research controversial, some desirable and beneficial to society