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Last Lab - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Have paralel veins, and a sclerenchyma cap
  - - - Within vascular bundles, surrounded by bundle sheath
        
        Has prominent xylem, and less prominent phloem
        
        just gotta practise for the phloem...
  - - - Pericycle: the line of cells inside teh endodermis, the outermost later of the vascular cyclinder.
        
        The Xylem makes up the large circles that are prominent, while the phloem makes up the vasculature around the xylem.
        
        The pith is the ground tissue in the center.
- - - - Sclerenchyma
      - Pith
      - Endodermis
      - Vascular Cambium
      - Xylem
        
        Towards the center
      - Phloem
        
        Towards the outside
  - - - Has distinct cross shaped xylem in the center
      - Has phloem in the corners of the vascular cylinder
      - Endodermis (parenchyma that seperates the vascular cylinder and the cortex).
  - - - Spongy Mesophyll & Palisade Mesophyll
        
        The spongy mesophyll allows for CO2 movement with lots of airspace, important because palisade mesophyl is the major photosynthetic tissue (as it is in direct line of light).
      - Stomata only on the bottom
        
        This is to prevent the direct sunlight heating up water, increasing evaporation, and thus this increase water preservation.
      - Bundle Sheath surrounds the vascular bundle
        
        Vascular bundle includes just phloem and xylem. The xylem is on the inner side of the of the vascular bundle, while the phloem is on the outerside of the vascular bundle
    - - Net-like veins in the leaves
        
        Multiple pathways mean if one vein is damaged, water and nutrients can still reroute — increasing survival.
        
        The crisscrossing veins give the leaf structural strength, reducing tearing and sagging.
        
        More vein connections to mesophyll cells allow rapid collection and export of photosynthates to the phloem.
  - - - Leaves
        
        Have airspaces (to allow for buoancy)
        
        Stomata on the surface of the leaf, as its better to take in CO2 from the surface, and water is less of problem living on water
        
        Smaller xylem, as less water is required to be transported, when so much is retained because of its environment
        
        Also xylem is not required for structural support (provided by the surface of the water...)
- - - - Has leaf curls and sunken stoma
        
        Leaf curls trap humid air in the plant, decreasing the water potential diffurence between the cells and the "outside"
        
        Has a thicker waxy cuticle on the surfaces that in contact with the environment (not the sunken stoma areas, but lierally everything else)
        
        Sand-dune grass has bulliform cells, which control rolling and unrolling.
        
        When filled with water, they have high turgor rpressure and then they unroll, allowing more surface for photosynthesis despite water problems (water is no issue if there is high turgor pressure!)
        
        In tims of low water, they become faccid and curl up to minimize the effects of wind and dryness
  - - - Has thick cuticles that prevent any water loss from the surface of the stem
      - Has sunken stoma, which create humid pockets, reducing the water potential difference and thus reducing the water loss.
      - Also has thin epidermis that prevent abrasions that can access the xylem and phloem
      - Thin-walled parenchyma
        
        More flexible to expand and hold more water (water storage)
  - - - Thick cuticle that prevents water loss as water can only move out through the stoma, and not through the surface, thus it is more regulated by the plant's needs
      - They have sunken stomal pores on BOTH sides of the leaf, becuase the leaves do not sit horizontally so there is no greater risk of water loss on either side.