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METABOLIC PATHWAYS AND ENERGY PRODUCTION, ATP Yield from Complete …

- - - - Complex molecules → simpler ones + energy
    - - Simple molecules → complex molecules (requires energy)
  - - - ADP → AMP + Pᵢ + energy
      - Adenosine triphosphate
      - Hydrolysis: ATP → ADP + Pᵢ + energy (7.3 kcal/mole)
    - - 1-2 million ATP molecules hydrolyzed per second in active cells
      - Energy currency of cells
- - - - Phosphorylation: Glucose → Glucose-6-phosphate (ATP → ADP)
        
        Isomerization: Glucose-6-phosphate → Fructose-6-phosphate
        
        Phosphorylation: Fructose-6-phosphate → Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (ATP → ADP)
        
        Cleavage: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate → Dihydroxyacetone phosphate + Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
        
        Isomerization: Dihydroxyacetone phosphate → Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
    - - Oxidation and Phosphorylation: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate → 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (NAD⁺ → NADH)
        
        Phosphate Transfer: 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate → 3-Phosphoglycerate (ADP → ATP)
        
        Isomerization: 3-Phosphoglycerate → 2-Phosphoglycerate
        
        Dehydration: 2-Phosphoglycerate → Phosphoenolpyruvate
        
        Phosphate Transfer: Phosphoenolpyruvate → Pyruvate (ADP → ATP)