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Investigating abortions in small ruminants - Coggle Diagram
Investigating abortions in small ruminants
submission of foetuses + placenta help choose most appropriate testing to rule out common causes of abortion
Standard testing protocol
systematic exam
examine brain for possible bluetongue (hydrancephaly)
smear placenta and look for Chlamydia + Coxiella burnetti
smear placenta + stomach to look for Brucella
direct exam of stomach to detect fungal hyphae
culture foetal stomach contents/foetal tissues to investigate bacterial causes of abortion
Campylobacter
Salmonella
Trueperella pyogenes
Yersinia
Bacillus licheniformis
Listeria
histology to confirm any significance of other bacteriological findings e.g. Escherichia coli abortions
PCR test for border disease + Toxoplasma
any foetuses with arthrogryposis are tested for Schmallenberg virus
Diagnosis
enzootic abortion is most common diagnosis of ovine abortion
additional tests may be required which includes tickborne fever + Leptospira
Samples required for complete abortion investigation
placenta, including multiple cotyledons
gross exam for placentitis + stained smear for Chlamydia +Brucella
PCR for toxoplasma gondii
foetal stomach contents collected aseptically using a syringe + needle or with vacutainer
bacteriology test for campylobacter + salmonella
foetal fluid from thoracic/abdominal cavity
antibody iFAT for toxoplasma gondii
spleen/thymus
PCR for border disease
liver
bacteriology for campylobacter
brain
PCR fpr schmallenberg
maternal blood serum
antibody ELISA for chlamydia abortus + border disease
LAT for toxoplasma gondii
serum
PCR for border disease