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Physical Science - Coggle Diagram
Physical Science
The study of matter, energy, motion, and force
Force
Is a push or a pull on an object measured using
Newtons (N)
There are three Laws of Motion to explain the movement of all objects in the universe
Newton's First Law of Motion
an object will remain at rest, or in motion at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an unbalanced external force
Newton's Second Law of Motion
an object's acceleration is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass
Force = Mass x Acceleration
Newton's Third Law of Motion
for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Friction
The force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact with each other
Sliding Friction
Friction between two solid surfaces sliding against each other
Balanced Forces
Produce no change in the motion of an object
Unbalanced Forces
Produce a change in the motion of an object
Work
When force is applied to an object and the object moves a distance
Measured in newton-meters or
Joules (J)
Work = Force x Distance
Simple Machines
a device used to make work easier
Inclined Plane, Wedge, Screw, Lever, Pulley, Wheel and Axel
Matter
The material that all things are made of with different characteristics also known as
Properties
All matter has
Physical Properties
can be observed without changing the make-up, or identity, of the matter
Density
The amount of matter in a given volume
Ductility
The ability to be pulled into a thin strand, like a wire
Malleability
The ability to be pressed
Boiling Point
The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to gas
Melting Point
The temperature at which a substance changes from liquid to gas
Electrical Conductivity
How well a substance allows electricity to flow through it
Solubility
The ability to dissolve in another substance
Chemical Properties
can be observed when matter can change into a new kind of matter with different properties
Flammability
Reactivity
Oxidation
Toxicity
States of Matter
Solid
Keeps its shape and volume
Liquid
Takes on the shape of its container, keeps the same volume, fluid
Gas
Takes on the shape and volume of its container, very fluid
All matter can change its state
Melting: Solid to Liquid
Freezing: Liquid to Solid
Vaporization: Liquid to Gas
Condensation: Gas to Liquid
Atoms
are the smallest particle of an element, made up of
Nucleus
The center of the atom
Protons
The positively charged particles located in the Nucleus
Neutrons
Have no electric charge, located in the Nucleus
Electrons
The negatively charged particles located outside the Nucleus
Different kinds of atoms are called
Elements
are considered the simplest form of matter
The Periodic Table
A chart that organizes all known elements
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Two or more elements make a
Compound
Two or more substances that have not combined chemically
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Beginning substances are
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Final Substances are
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Two or more substances combining to create a new single substance
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Molecules
Are formed when two or more atoms combine
Chemical Bonds
Hold atoms together in a molecule
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Takes up space
(Has) Volume
Contains a certain amount of material
Mass
Energy
A property of matter, and all matter has it
Mechanical Energy
The energy an object has because of its motion or position
Kinetic Energy
The energy of an object has because it is moving
Temperature
The measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance
Heat
The transfer of kinetic energy
Heat Transfer
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Moves from warm to cold
Insulators
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Potential Energy
The energy an object has because of its position or shape
Light Energy
Energy carried by light or other kinds of electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Invisible Waves: Radio Waves, Microwaves, Infrared Waves, Ultraviolet Light, X Rays, Gamma Rays
Visible Light
Includes all colors: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet
Travels in straight lines called
Rays
Can travel in a vacuum
Can be reflected or absorbed
Black absorbs
White reflects
Can be transported through
Waves
An oscillation that travels from one place to another, they have four characteristics
Amplitude
The distance a wave oscillates from its resting position
Wavelength
The distance from any point on one wave to another point
The peak, or highest point, is the
Crest
The valley, or lowest point, is the
Trough
Frequency
The number of oscillations produced in a certain amount of time
Wave Speed
The distance a wave travels in a given amount of time
Mechanical Waves
Travel through matter
Electromagnetic Waves
Travel through empty space
Can be produced when an object vibrates which makes
Sound
Need matter to travel through
Decibels (dB)
Measures the loudness, or the Amplitude of sound waves
Caused by Negative and Positive charges in matter interacting
Electricity
The physical property of protons and electrons is an
Electric Charge
Like charges repel (+/+, -/-)
Unlike charges attract (+/-)
The build up of electric charges on an object
Static Electricity
The continuous flow of electric charge
Current Electricty
Measured using AMPs
Flows through a path called a
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Magnetism