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Chapter 51-52 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - series of actions to completion
  - - - sexual selection
    - - defending territory
    - - eating & sex
        
        sexual selection
      - teaching offspring
        
        hunt/ look for food
        
        flee
  - - - attack models w red heart
      - stimulus: red color
      - behavior: fixed action pattern
      - effect of behavior: territorial
    - - attack cockroach, paralyzes , inserts egg
      - innate, fixed action pattern
      - attack cockroach
      - to lay eggs
    - - octopus looking for food
      - behavior : trail & error, insight
      - to hunt
      - no prey, moves to the next pool
    - - starling fly together uniformly
      - behavior: associative learning, fixed action pattern
      - predator nearby, threat
      - to reacts to nearby predators
    - - crow brings shiny items to get food
      - insight, trial & error, associative learning
      - reward for food
      - motivation for food
    - - learned sign language
      - associative learning, observational learning
      - learned sign language through reward
      - learn sign language to communicate
    - - lemming migrating to suitable area
      - innate, fixed action pattern
      - overcrowding, food and water
      - overcrowding in envirnmoent, lack of food and water
    - - bird dance and ritual to attack female bird
      - innate, fixed action pattern
      - presence of female bird
      - bredding season
    - - cat
        
        motherly instinct
        
        fixed action pattern , innate
        
        hormonal stimulus
        
        motherly behavior
      - duckling
        
        ducklings following cat, believing its their mother
        
        imprinting
        
        hatching seeing cat first
        
        happened during critical period of their lifetime
    - - bee dance whenever they find food
      - innate, fixed action pattern
      - discovery of food source
      - hard wired
    - - bird dance & ritual , decorate home to attract female
      - innate, fixed action pattern
      - presence of female bird
      - breeding season, hard wired
    - - male lizard changes color to attract female
      - innate, fixed action pattern
      - female presence
      - bredding season
    - - bull frog eating anything within site
      - trial & error, innate, fixed action pattern
      - prey in site, hunting
      - eating anything/ predator behavior
    - - cubs learning how to hunt for food/ fish
      - observational learning
      - hunger motivation , survival skills
      - to hunt
    - - salmon migrating/ spawning / death
      - innate, fixed action pattern
      - spawning/ end of life cycle
      - genetic progrmaming
    - - dog trained through the use of sound
      - associative learning, trial & error
      - metronome sound used for stimuli
      - food presentation cause saliva, sound caused saliva
    - - seal doing tricks
      - associative learning, observational learning
      - trainer signals, seal gets reward for doing tricks
      - purpose to get the seal to do tricks
    - - John Travolta dancing
      - associative and observational
      - music, dance floor for stimuli
      - purpose of behavior was dance floor setting
    - - flatworm penetrating partner
      - innate, fixed action pattern
      - mating, aggressive penetration
      - reproduction
    - - snail becomes zombie/ host
      - innate, fixed action pattern
      - parasite takes over to survive
      - parasitic relationship through host body
- - - - photic zone in ocean
  - - - plants that don't lose leaves all at once
    - - lose leaves in winter
    - - hot
    - - seasonal
    - - up a mountain/ high elevation
    - - woody ( bend & snap), branches start at ground level
    - - along the coast
    - - light penetrates water
    - - no light in water
    - - open water
    - - barrier of warm and cold water
    - - temperature changes in water within thermocline
    - - how spread out something is
- - - - organismal ecology
        
        1 organism & the environment
      - population ecology
        
        whole species interacts w/ environment
      - community ecocology
        
        how all species in that environment interact
      - ecosystem ecology
        
        Weather and abiotic factors influence the environment and group populations
      - landscape ecology
        
        Changes of landscape and how they influence other environments
      - global ecology
        
        sum of planet, ecosystems, and landscapes
    - - poles get least direct sunlight due to the planet's tilt being at 23.5 degrees
      - we experience seasons due to the 23.5 degree tilt, and the annual passage around the sun.
      - one area you will not experience seasons will be near the equator since it receives direct sunlight all year and has the same warm climate.
    - - This causes seasonal differences, day & night length
        
        summer solstice - tilted toward sun, overhead Tropic of Cancer, usually starts June, longest days shortest night
        
        winter solstice- tilted away from the sun, around December, Northern hemisphere receives least amount of light, shortest day longest nights
      - longitude - imaginary lines that measure distance/ angle from east to west
      - latitude- imaginary horizontal lines that measure distance/ angle from north/ south.
      - air rises 0 degrees & 60 degrees, hot air rises, releases pressure causing rain.
      - air falls 30 degrees & 90 degrees colder air sinks, creates pressure, dry air sucks up moisture.
      - climate- long term prevailing weather conditions at a given place.
      - weather- short term atmosphere conditions at a given place.
      - regional factors that affect climate:
        
        mountains- block wind & moisture
        
        bodies of water- absorb and release heat slowly
        
        ocean current- influence climate by heating or cooling overlying air masses that pass.
        
        altitude
      - physical factors that affect climate:
        
        temperature
        
        precipitation
        
        sunlight
        
        wind
        
        2 main forces that create wind:
        
        heating and cooling
        
        coroilis effect
        
        wind flows from high to low pressure
        
        westerlies winds : flow from west to east
        
        trade winds: flow from east to west
        
        doldrums: region where trade winds meet typically low pressure and frequent thunderstorms
        
        earth rotates counterclockwise
        
        northern hemisphere air and wind currents turn clockwise
        
        southern hemisphere air and wind currents turn counterclockwise
  - - - near equator
      - precipitation: wet
      - temperature - hot
      - dominnant vegetation: jungle like
      - dominant animals: diverse animals, bugs
    - - tropical- 30 degrees north/ south
      - temperate- further north/ south
      - dry
      - temp: tropical hot
      - plants: cacti, desert plants, usually none to low
      - dominant animals: few animals, reptiles, insects
    - - between desert and grassland areas
      - wet & dry
      - warm
      - plants: grass, shrubs
      - animals: large predators, large herbivores
    - - meditternean
      - wet & dry
      - seasonal
      - grassland & shrubs
      - large predators & large herbivores
    - - 30 degrees to 60 degrees, middle of continent
      - seasonal, fairly dry
      - temp: seasonal
      - plants: grass
      - animals: birds, rodents, herbivores
    - - along 60 degrees north or south, up mountains
      - wet and dry
      - cold
      - plants- conifers
      - animals- large animals, smaller prey
    - - 30 to 60 degrees
      - wet
      - seasonal
      - plants; broadleaf trees
      - mix of animals
    - - 60 to 90 degrees, close to poles
      - fairly dry
      - cold
      - plants: low, cold resistant plants
      - animals: herbivores and birds