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Ecology Pt. 1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Ecotone- an area of intergradation.
      - Canopy- uppermost layer of a tree formed by the crowns of mature trees.
      - Climograph- a plot of the annual mean temperature and precipitation in a particular region.
      - Disturbance- event such as a storm, fire, human activity that changes a community, removing organisms from it and altering resource availability.
  - - - Littoral- Along the coast.
      - Benthic- bottom of body water
      - Shrub- woody plants where branches start at ground.
      - Photic- light zone in water
      - Alpine- upper mountain, cold, high elevation.
      - Aphotic- dark zone in water
      - Temperate- seasonal
      - Pelagic- open water
      - Tropical- hot
      - Thermocline- invisible layer between warm and cold water, difference in temperature
      - Deciduous- plants that lose leaves in the winter at once.
      - Turnover- when warm layer and cold layer flip during winter and summer.
      - Evergreen- plants that don't lose leaves at once.
      - Dispersal- how spread out something is.
      - Permafrost- permanently frozen water.
    - - Estuaries- wetland that are both fresh and salty.
      - Intertidal zones- aquatic places, more rocky where tides happen.
      - Streams/rivers- fresh water moving bodies.
      - Ocean pelagic zones- out in the deep water.
      - Wetlands- along edges of fresh water bodies.
      - Coral reefs- photic zone of the ocean, off shore.
      - Lakes- inland fresh water bodies.
      - Marine benthic zone- bottom of the ocean.
  - - - Is caused by increasing amounts of green house gases; carbon, methane, nitrous oxide being released into the atmosphere.
      - Climate change has happened before. Potential factors are rising of global temperature, increase in sea levels, change in weather patterns, and change of animal environment.
      - Is a directional change to the global climate that lasts three decades or more.
    - - Trade winds- flows from East to West, starting from 30 degrees N and S and flow towards equator.
      - Westerlies- flow from west to east starting from 30 degrees N and S and ending at 60 degrees N and S.
      - Wind flows from high pressure to low pressure due to Coriolis effect.
      - Doldrums- regions in the equator where trade winds meets, typically low pressure and frequent thunderstorms.
    - - Weather- short term atmospheric pressure conditions
      - Physical factors affecting climate: Temperature, precipitation, sunlight and wind
      - Climate-long term prevailing weather conditions at a given place.
      - Regional factors affecting climate: seasonality, bodies of water, mountains and ocean currents.
    - - Community Ecology- how all different species interact with the environment.
      - Ecosystem Ecology- how weather, water, temperature (non living factors) affect the population.
      - Population Ecology- how whole species interact with the environment.
      - Landscape Ecology- how change in land can affect environment.
      - Organismal Ecology- how organisms interact with the environment.
      - Global Ecology- sum of planet's ecosystem and landscape(whole planet).
  - - - Water and oxygen- slow diffusion of oxygen in water can limit cellular respiration and other physiological processes.
      - Salinity- osmoregulation challenges.
      - Temperature- affect metabolism and enzymic function
      - Sunlight- photosynthesis, UV stress, and shading.
      - Rocks and soils- nutrients, pH and physical structure of rocks and soil.
    - - These interactions may prevent species from occupying other habitats.
      - predation, competition, herbivory, mutualism, parasitsm.
      - Living, plants and animals