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🌋 Endogenic Processes🌋 - Coggle Diagram
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Endogenic Processes
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internal forces of the Earth that shape and build its surface from within. These processes are driven by the Earth’s internal heat, which causes movements in the crust and leads to the formation of mountains, volcanoes, and new rocks.
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EARTH’S INTERNAL HEAT
The internal heat of the Earth comes from two main sources:
Residual Heat
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Gravitational Contraction
→ As dust and gas clouds compressed under gravity, their gravitational energy was converted into heat.
→ This process helped increase Earth’s internal temperature during its early formation.
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Earth’s Thermal Budget
→ Refers to the balance between the heat produced inside the Earth and the heat released at the surface.
→ About 30% of solar energy is reflected back to space, while 70% is absorbed by the Earth’s surface and atmosphere—helping maintain the planet’s overall energy balance.
1. Magmatism
Magma – molten rock formed by partial melting of the mantle and crust, containing liquids, gases, crystals, and rock fragments.
Formation of Magma
Volatiles – substances like water and carbon dioxide that easily evaporate and exist as gases; when they mix with hot mantle rocks, they help form magma.
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Occurs at plate boundaries or within plates, where cracks in the crust allow hot mantle rock to rise and form magma.
Plate Boundaries — Formed by the movement of plates, creating convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries.
2. Volcanoes and Volcanism
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🌠Extraterrestrial Impacts
→ Based on the Nebular Theory, Earth formed from colliding and joining particles in a rotating cloud of dust and gas.
→ These collisions produced kinetic energy, which was converted into heat, adding to the Earth’s internal temperature during its formation.
Radiogenic Heat
— This heat is produced by the decay of radioactive elements deep within the Earth. When unstable elements break down, they release energy in the form of heat.