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SELF AND OTHERS IN ADOLESCENCE - Coggle Diagram
SELF AND OTHERS IN ADOLESCENCE
1) INTRODUCTION
1.1. Adolescence as an Important Time for Contribution to Society
Adolescence is the period starting with puberty onset (clear) and ending with maturation os social and societal norms (less clear)
1.2. Self- and Other-Oriented Development as Intertwined Processes
Neuroscience demonstrates that these two processes are intergated (they both need each other)
Neural basis in
medial PFC
connected with ventral striatum, lateral PFC and TJP
Protracted development until early twenties
2) SELF-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENTS
2.1. Identity Development
Based on self-concept clarity (stability VS variability over time)
Studiable with daily assessments, more efficient than longitudinal assessments
Interest in identity crisis
Adolescence defined by many dips in commitment, such as the academic committment
Field of great expectations and social comparisons (role of peers)
Little understanding in variability to show it
Studying relationship individual differences in identity development and structural brain development
Pre-frontal cortex
Focusing on goals, understanding intentions
Ventral Striatum (nucleo acumbens)
Processing motivational and affective signals
Delayed maturation of these two areas defined a more stable identity development
2.2. Self-Concept Development
Developmental psychology show a more negative and realistic self-evaluation of adolescents
Self-evaluation mor related to the specific context and at the same time more stable
Description of self associated with medial PFC
Develops late in evolution
More recruitment during adolescence
Emerge from socially comparing self to others
Development of specificity in relation with TPJ and ventral striatum
Associated with accademic goals and future self
2.3. Inhibiting Selfish Impulses
Associated to many important ocutomes for society
Studiable with delay of gratification task
Children and immediate reward
Activation of subcortical ventral striatum
Adolescents and adults and dealy of gratification
Connectivity between ventral striatum and medial-lateral PFC
2.4. Summary
Increased self-focus is associated with a specific neural network
Increased self-certainty is associated with prosocial behavior (bidirectional association)
3) OTHER-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENTS
3.1. Mentalizing About Others
Associated with social brain (overlapping with self-referential)
Medial PFC, TPJ, STS
Adolescents more medial PFC
Adults more TPJ
Dorsal Medial PFC (more mentalizing) Ventral Medial PFC (more self-referential)
Cultural differences (Occidents ventral-medial, Orients dorso-medial)
3.2. Vicarious Gaining
Rewarding feelings from gains of others
Adolescents and elevation in reward sensitivity
Adults reduction of self-reported winning pleasure and gain of others depends on closeness of the target
In Adolescents the same ventral striatum activation in relation to closeness and larger social network (more popular = respond more to the needs of others)
Adolescents less accepted show stronger activity for self-gains
Associated with prosocial attitudes such as self-chosen charity
More ventral striatum activity BUT only if the gain reward is also for the self (in adults)
3.3. Summary
Medial PFC more active in adolescents than adults
4) GIVING AND SHARING IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIETAL CONTRIBUTIONS
4.1. Sharing and Giving Depends on Who The Target Is
Studied with Dictator Game
Not dramatically changes (at least decrease) in sharing with out-group individuals in adolescence
Benefit friends show greater activation of ventral striatum
Cultural differences
Strong neural response associated with reduction in depressive symptoms
In adults, costly sharing associated with increased medial PFC and ventral striatum activity
4.2. Sharing and Giving Depends on Perspective Taking
Studied with Ultimatum Game
Giving behaviour differences in relation to strategic motivations (associated with lateral PFC activity)
4.3. Cooperation and Reciprocal Relations
Studied with Trust Games
Increased activity in medial PFC and TPJ and less activity in ventral striatum
More expectations to be reciprocated (more activation on mentalizing regions)
Stronger activity in medial PFC especially when defecting trust than reciprocating trust
4.4. Social Influence
Stronger activity in ventral striatum is a proof of more importance of peer evaluations
But not only for risk-taking behaviour, also prosocial behaviour
5) DIGITAL SOCIETY AND CULTURAL VALUES
6) CONCLUSION
How balance between self- and other- oriented motives contribute to the society
Medial and lateral PFC, ventral striatum, TPJ associated with long-term contribution to society
Development of healthy intergroup relations
The ways to promote out-group motivations (developing larger social networks and reducing in-group/out-group distinctions
Internet creates new challenges
Developing larger social networks
Less known about brain development
But importance of social intergation in brain development
Spreading more easily of ideas
Associated with ventral striatum and ventral medial PFC
More sensibility in others' ideas and if others will like them
First associated with stronger activity of anterior cingulate cortex in relation to behavioral adjustment by others' ideas
But many findings based on correlational effects
Not only rule-based such as in the childhood