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Principles of Types of Vaccines - Coggle Diagram
Principles of Types of Vaccines
Definition and History
Vaccine: a biological preparation that provides active immunity to a specific infectious disease
Lady Montagu: introduced variation, which involved inoculation of smallpox into the skin (documented her process)
Jenner: developed vaccination using cowpox virus
Pasteur: created a vaccine for rabies
Principles and Effects of Vaccination
Primary Response: leads to the formation of antibodies and memory B cells
Secondary (anamnestic) response: produces a rapid, intense increase in antibody levels
Herd Immunity: provides community protection when 95%+ are vaccinated
Development of New Vaccines
Ideal vaccine: should be swallowed instead of injected (most pathogens invade the body thru mucous membranes)
Should provide lifelong immunity with a single dose
Should be stable without refrigeration and affordable for global use
Safety of Vaccines
Oral polio vaccine may cause the disease and was eradicated by the WHO
The Rotavirus vaccine was withdrawn in 1999 but later replaced (due to the concern of intestinal obstruction)
MMR vaccine was rumored to cause autisms, which research shows is not true
Dravet Syndrome: mutations in a gene. NOT passed by parents, vaccines are a trigger of seizure
ALL vaccines aim to stimulate memory and provide protective immunity
Continued development helps address emerging diseases
Types of Vaccines
Live-Attenuated (weakened pathogen)
Inactivated (killed pathogen)
Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines
Toxoid (inactivated toxin)
mRNA (genetic code of antigen)
Viral Vector (uses harmless virus as a carrier)
Live-Attenuated Vaccines
Contain a weakened form of the pathogen that can still replicate but does not cause disease.
Ex: MMR, Varicella, Yellow Fever
Pros: strong immunity, mimics natural infection
Cons: NOT for immunocompromised individuals, requires refrigeration
Inactivated (Killed Vaccines)
Contain pathogens killed by heat, chemicals, or radiation
Ex: HPV, Hepatitis A, Rabies
Pros: Cannot cause disease, safe for immuno-c individuals
Cons: weaker immune response, needs boosters
Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines
Use only Specific parts of the pathogen (protein, sugar, or capsid)
Ex: HPV, Hep B, Pneumococcal, Meningococcal
Pros: Very safe, targeted Response
Cons: may require boosters
Toxoid Vaccines
Contain Inactivated toxins from bacteria
ex: Diphtheria, Tetanus
Pros: Safe, targets toxin-mediated diseases
Cons: requires boosters
mRNA Vaccines
Use messenger RNA that encodes a piece of the pathogen's protein
Ex: Pfizer-Biotech, Moderna, COVID-19
Pros: fast to design, strong immune response
Cons: requires cold storage, newer technology
Need a booster b/c of the mutations and antigenic drift
Viral Vector Vaccines
Use a harmless virus to deliver genetic material
Ex: J&J, COVID-19, Ebola
Pros: Strong immune response, adaptable
Cons: Preexisting immunity to the vector may reduce effectiveness
Acquired Immunity:
Naturally Acquired (by antigens entering body and by mother), Artifically acquired (by vaccines, or by introduction by injection)