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Principles & Types of Vaccines - Coggle Diagram
Principles & Types of Vaccines
History of Vaccination
Lady Montagu
introduced variolation, which involved inoculation of smallpox into the skin.
Jenner
developed vaccination using cowpox virus.
Pasteur
created a vaccine for rabies.
Principles and Effects of Vaccination
The
primary response
leads to the formation of antibodies and memory B cells.
The
secondary (anamnestic) response
produces a rapid, intense increase in antibody levels.
Herd immunity
provides community protection when 95%+ are vaccinated.
Development of New Vaccines
The ideal vaccine should be
swallowed
instead of injected.
Should provide
lifelong immunity
with a single dose.
Should be stable without refrigeration and
affordable
for global use.
Safety of Vaccines
Oral polio vaccine
may cause the disease and was eradicated by the WHO.
The
rotavirus vaccine
was withdrawn for infants in 1999 but later replaced.
MMR vaccine
was rumored to cause autism, which research shows is not true.
Types of Vaccine Overview
Live-attenuated vaccines
(weakened pathogen)
Inactivated vaccines
(killed pathogen)
Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines
Toxoid
(inactivated toxin)
mRNA vaccine
(genetic code of antigen)
Viral vector vaccine
(uses harmless virus as a carrier)
Live-Attenuated Vaccines
Contain a weakened form of the pathogen that can still replicate but does not cause disease.
Examples
: MMR, Varicella, Yellow Fever, OPV
Pros
: Strong, long-lasting immunity; mimics natural infection.
Cons
: Not for immunocompromised individuals; requires refrigeration.
Inactivated (Killed) Vaccines
Contain pathogens killed by heat, chemicals, or radiation
Examples
: HPV, Hepatitis A, Rabies
Pros
: Cannot cause disease; safe for immunocompromised individuals.
Cons
: Weaker immune response; needs boosters.
Subunit, Recombinant, Polysaccharide, and Conjugate Vaccines
Use only specific parts of the pathogen (protein, sugar, or capsid).
Examples
: HPV, Hep B, Pneumococcal, Meningococcal
Pros
: Very safe; targeted response.
Cons
: May require boosters.
Toxoid Vaccines
Contain inactivated toxins from bacteria.
Examples
: diphtheria, tetanus
Pros
: Safe, targets toxin-mediated diseases.
Cons
: Require boosters.
mRNA Vaccines
Use messenger RNA that encodes a piece of the pathogen’s protein.
Examples
: Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna COVID-19 vaccines.
Pros
: Fast to design; strong immune response.
Cons
: Requires cold storage; newer technology.
Viral Vector Vaccines
Use a harmless virus to deliver genetic material.
Examples
: J&J COVID-19, Ebola.
Pros
: Strong immune response; adaptable.
Cons
: Preexisting immunity to the vector may reduce effectiveness.