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Principles & Types of Vaccines - Coggle Diagram
Principles & Types of Vaccines
Definition
Provides active immunity against a specific disease
Suspension of microbes or their parts
History & Summary
Edward Jenner
: cowpox used for smallpox protection
Louis Pasterur:
Rabies vaccine
All vaccines stimulate memory and protective immunity
Continued innovation addresses emerging diseases and strengthens global health
Lady Montagu
: variolation (smallpoc inoculation into skin)
Immune Response Principles
Secondary
(anamnestic) response: rapid antibody surge
Heard Immunity
: >95% vaccinated → community protection
Primary Repsonse
: forms antibodies & memory B cells
Control of Communicable Diseases
Environmental
: wastewater treatment, clean water
Bacteria
: treatable with antibiotics
Behavioral
: handwashing
Viruses
: require prevention by vaccines
Development of New Vaccines
Ideal
: swallowed, single life-long dose, stable (no refrigeration), affordable, multi-agen
Targets pathogens entering through mucous membranes
Safety of Vaccines
MMR Vaccine
: Autism myth disproves (genetic + environmental)
Rotavirus vaccine
: withdrawn 1999, later replaced
Vaccines
= safety, most effective prevention
Oral polio vaccine
: rare disease → eradicated by WHO
Live-Attenuated Vaccines
Examples
: MMR, Varicella, Yellow Fever, OPV
Pros
: strong, long-lasting immunity
Weakened pathogen;
replicates but doesnt cause disease
Cons:
not for immunocompromised; needs refrigeration
Inactivated & Subunit-Type Vaccines
Subunit/Recombinant/Polysaccharide/Conjugate:
Specific parts of pathogen (Ex. HPV, Hep B, Pneumococcal, Meningcoccal
Pros:
safe for all; targeted immunity
Inactivated:
killed by heat/chemicals/radiation (Ex. HPV, Hepatitis A, Rabies)
Cons:
Weaker response → boosters needed
Toxoid, mRNA & Viral Vector Vaccines
Cons:
boosters or cold storage sometimes required
Viral Vector:
harmless virus delivers genes (Ex. J&J, Covid-19, Ebola)
mRNA:
genetic code for pathogen protein (Ex. Pfizer, Moderna)
Pros:
adaptable, strong immune response
Toxoid:
inactivated bacterial toxins (Ex. Diphtheria, Tetanus)