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Species Interactions - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Mark-recapture method: A sampling technique to estimate size in animal populations
      - Immigration: The influx of new individuals into a population from other areas.
      - Emigration: The movement of individuals out of a population
      - Territorality: A behavior in which an animal defends a bounded physical space against enroachment by other individuals, usually its own species
    - - Life Table: A summary of age-specific survival and reproductive rates of individuals in a population
      - Survivorship Curve: A plot of the members of a cohort that are still alive at each age, one way to represent age-specific mortality
  - - - Carrying capacity: The maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources, symbolized as K, SUSTAINABILITY
  - - - Semelparity: Reproduction in which an organism produces all of its offspring in a single event, also called big bang reproduction.
      - Iteoparity: Reproduction in which adults produce offspring over many years , also called repeated reproduction
      - K- Selection: Selection for life history traits that are sensitive to population density.
      - R-Selection: Selection for life history traits that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments.
  - - - Density Independent: Referring to any characteristic that is not affected by population density.
      - Density Dependent: Referring to any characteristic that varies with population density
      - Population dynamics: The study of how complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors influence variations in populations size.
      - Metapopulation: A group of spatially separated populations of one species that interact through immigration and emigration.
  - - - Demographic transition: In a stable population, a shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.
      - Age Structure: The relative number of individuals of each age in a population.
      - Ecological Footprint: The aggregate land and water area required by a person, city, or nation to produce all of the resources it consumes and to absorb all the waste it generates.
- - - - Competition: A negative-negative interaction that occurs when individuals of different species both use a resource that limits the survival and reproduction of each species.
        
        Competition Exclusion: The concept when populations of two similar species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more effectively and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to elimination of other population.
        
        Ecological Niche: The sum of a species use of the biotic and abiotic resources in an environment.
        
        Resource Partitioning: The division of environmental resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors from the niches of all coexisting species
        
        Character Displacement: The tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species.
      - Exploitation: A positive-negative ecological interaction in which individuals of one species benefit by feeding on and thereby harming individuals of the other species.
        
        Predation: An interaction in which an individual of one species , the predator kills and eats an individual of another species, (prey).
        
        Aposematic coloration:The bright warning coloration of many animals with effective physical or chemical defenses.
        
        Cryptic Coloration: Camouflage that makes a potential prey difficult to spot against its background.
        
        Bayesian Mimicry: a type of mimicry in which a harmless species resembles an unpalatable or harmful species to which it is not closely related
        
        Mullesian mimicry: Reciprocal mimicry by two unialatable species
        
        Herbivory: An interaction in which an herbivore eats plants harming the plants but not killing it.
        
        Parasitism: An interaction in which a a parasite derives nourishment from another organism, its host which is harmed in the process.
        
        Endoparasites: A parasite that lives within a host
        
        Ectoparasites: A parasite that feeds on the external surface of the host.
      - Positive-species Interactions: Between Individuals of two species in which at least one individual benefits and neither is harmed
        
        Mutualism: Both organisms benefit from one another
        
        Commensalism: One organism benefits, while the other organisms does not benefit nor is harmed
  - - - Species Richness: The numbers of species in a biological community
      - Relative Abundance: The proportional abundance of different species in a community
    - - Food Chain: The pathway along which food energy is transferred from trophic to trophic level beginning with producers.
      - Trophic level: The position an organisms occupies in a trophic level
      - Food Web: The interconnected feeding relationships in a n ecosystem
      - Energetic hypothesis: The concept that the length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain.
    - - Foundation Species: A species that has strong effects on its community as a result of its large size, high abundance, or pivital role in community dynamics May provide significant habitat or food for other species, they may also be competitively dominant in exploiting key resources.
      - Keystone Species: A species that is not necessarily abundant in a community yet exerts strong control on community structure by the nature of its ecological role or niche.
      - Ecosystem Engineers: An organism that influences community structure by causing physical changes in the environment.
      - Bottom-Me Control: A situation in which the abundance of organisms at each trophic level is limited by nutrient supply or the availability of food at lower trophic levels, thus the supply of nutrients controls plant numbers, which control herbivore numbers, which in turn control predator numbers.
      - Top-Down Control: A situation in which the abundance of organisms at each trophic level is controlled by the abundance of consumers at higher trophic levels, thus predators limit herbivores and herbivores limit plants.
  - - - Primary Succession: Type of ecological succession that occurs in an area where there were originally no organisms present and where soil has not yet formed.
      - Secondary Succession: A type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the substrate or soil intact.