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10.2 Ipeka Puri Informatics Celine - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Definition
        
        Software is a set of instructions, data, or programs that tell a computer what to do and how to operate to perform specific tasks.
      - Examples
        
        Web browsers (Chrome, Safari), productivity tools (Microsoft Word, Google Sheets), communication apps (Zoom, Slack), and operating systems such as Windows and macOS.
    - - Definition
        
        Computer hardware consists of all the physical components of a computer, including both internal and external parts
      - Group by function
        
        Input
        
        Definition
        
        Input devices are hardware components that allow users to send information to a computer system
        
        Examples
        
        Mouse, Joystick, Touchpad, CD, Keyboard
        
        Output
        
        Definition
        
        Output devices are hardware components that inform a computer or device to displays, prints, or transmits to another device
        
        Examples
        
        Monitor, Printer, Speakers, Projector, Headphones
        
        Process
        
        Definition
        
        A computer process is an instance of a program being executed by the operating system.
        
        Examples
        
        CPU, Processor, Microprocessor, or Computer Processor
        
        Memory
        
        Definition
        
        Computer memory is the electronic storage space that holds data and instructions for a computer's processor to access quickly.
        
        Examples
        
        RAM (Random Access Memory), ROM (Read-Only Memory), solid-state drives (SSDs), hard disk drives (HDDs), and USB flash drives.
      - Group by it's kind
        
        Main Hardware
        
        Definition
        
        Main hardware refers to the physical, tangible components of a computer system, including the internal parts
        
        Examples
        
        Central Processing Unit (CPU), Random Access Memory (RAM)
        
        Peripheral
        
        Definition
        
        A peripheral is an external device connected to a computer to provide additional functionality, such as input, output, or storage.
        
        Examples
        
        Microphones, webcams, speakers, and network devices like routers.
    - - Definition
        
        Brainware refers to the people who use, manage, and develop computer systems, acting as the crucial human element in a technology system composed of hardware and software.
- - - - Local Area Network (small scale, e.g. schools).
    - - Metropolitan Area Network (city scale).
    - - Wide Area Network (large scale, inter-country).
    - - A Personal Area Network (around 10m, bluetooth)
    - - Campus Area Network (university/campus scale).
    - - Storage Area Network (dedicated high-speed data storage).
  - - - Cables, switches, routers, modems.
    - - Network protocols, operating systems.
    - - A person who accesses the network.
  - - - Wired Connection (LAN, Backbone, RJ45, Switch)
    - - Wireless Connection (WiFi, Bluetooth, Satellite, Cellphone, IR)
  - - - The world's largest computer network connecting millions of devices.
    - - Source of information and knowledge
      - Communication media (messages, video calls).
      - Entertainment (music, movies, games).
      - Support online learning.
    - - Web
        
        Site page based information.
      - Email
        
        Electronic mail.
      - Cloud Storage
        
        Online Storage.
      - Social Media
        
        Interaction between users..
    - - Positive
        
        Quick information, broaden horizons, make work easier.
      - Negative
        
        Spread of hoaxes, gadget addiction, data misuse.
- - - - Decomposition involves breaking down complex problems into smaller, manageable parts, making it easier to address each component. This method is similar to assembling a car piece by piece. "You don't build a car in one go. You assemble the engine, wheels, chassis, etc., separately and then put them together."
    - - Identifying patterns allows us to solve problems more efficiently. By recognizing recurring themes, we can apply solutions from similar situations, making problem-solving faster and easier. "Traffic lights follow a pattern: Green → Yellow → Red → Repeat. Once you recognize the pattern, you know what comes next."
    - - Abstraction involves ignoring irrelevant details and concentrating on essential features. This approach simplifies complex systems, similar to driving where only key controls matter for safety and direction. "When driving, you focus on the road, speed, and traffic, not the internal mechanics of the engine."
    - - An algorithm provides a clear set of instructions to solve a problem, just like following a recipe to cook a meal. Each step leads to successful outcomes. "A recipe is an algorithm. It tells you exactly what to do: measure, mix, cook, etc., in a specific order."