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Biology Paper 1, image - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Stay at same pH
      - Temp
        
        Too low slows metabolism
        
        Too high denatures
    - - Breaks down carbohydrates to simple sugars
        
        such as glucose
      - e.g. Amylase for starch
        
        Made in
        
        Mouth, salivary gland
        
        Small Intestine
        
        Pancreas
    - - Breaks down Proteins into amino acids
      - Made in
        
        Stomach
        
        Pepsin
        
        Pancreas
        
        Small Intestine
    - - Break down Lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
      - Made in Pancreas
      - Small Intestine
  - - - Stored in Gall bladder
      - Secreted into the small intestine
        
        To neutralise stomach acid
      - Emulsifies fats
        
        mix two liquids that normally do not mix together
  - - - Biuret
      - Blue to Purple if present
    - - Benedict's Solution
      - Water Bath 75 °C
      - Blue to Brick Red
        
        or green or yellow depending on how much sugar
    - - Sudan III stain solution
      - Form 2 layers top red
        
        If none no layers
    - - Iodine Solution
      - Orange to Black-Blue
  - - - Left side
        
        Lungs to Body
    - - Right Side
        
        Body to Lungs
    - - The Big Vein
      - Takes all the blood from body into heart
    - - Pulmonary Artery
        
        Takes blood to the Lungs
        
        Deoxygenated
      - Pulmonary Vein
        
        Takes blood from the Lungs
        
        Oxygenated
      - Lung
    - - Electrical Impulse to control heart contraction
      - Tells heart wen to beat
    - - Arteries
        
        Thick cus high pressure
        
        Strong elastic walls
        
        Layers of muscle so they're strong and stretchy
      - Capillaries
        
        Small
        
        1 cell thick
        
        Go close to every cell for substance exchange
        
        Permeable walls
        
        for Osmosis and Diffusion and Active Transport
      - Veins
        
        Large Lumen (diameter)
        
        Thin walls cus low pressure
        
        Valve to prevent backflow
      - Lumen is the hole in the middle of vessel
      - Rate of Blood Flow
        
        volume of blood/number of mins =
  - - - Malignant
        
        Bad
        
        Infects other healthy cells
        
        Can break off and spread through the bloodstream
        
        All cancers are Malignant
    - - Where the tumour grows until grows there's no more room
  - - - Helps reduce waterloss
      - Makes the leaf waterpoof
    - - Transparent
        
        So sunlight passes through it to the chloroplpasts
    - - Contains the Chloroplasts
      - This is where Photosynthesis Happens
    - - Air Gaps
        
        To Allow gases in and out
        
        Diffusion
    - - Xylem transports water
        
        From roots (Up)
        
        Transpiration
        
        Process of water going from roots to evapouration
        
        The Loss of water from a plant
        
        Factors that affect
        
        Temp
        
        Warmer more transpiration
        
        Cus water gets evaporated faster
        
        Airflow
        
        Water gets blown away
        
        More diffusion
        
        Light Intensity
        
        Brighter more transpiration
        
        More photosynthesis more gas exchange
        
        Humidity
        
        Drier Air Faster Transpiration
        
        Greater Concentration Difference
        
        1 more item...
      - Phloem Transports Food
        
        Glucose
        
        Translocation
        
        Is food being transported
    - - Layer that contains Stomata and Guard Cells
      - Stomata is a hole
        
        To let gases in and out
      - Guard Cells
        
        Control size of stomata
        
        Controls how much goes in and out
        
        Controls Transpiration
        
        Close at night cus no light duh
- - - - Measles
        
        Symptoms
        
        Red skin rash, fever
        
        Cure
        
        Vaccination
        
        Antiviral drugs
        
        Spread
        
        Droplets from sneezing or coughing
      - HIV
        
        Symptoms
        
        Flu-like
        
        Attacks immune system
        
        Prevention
        
        Barrier Methods-Condom
        
        Spread
        
        Sexual Contact
        
        Sharing needles
      - Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
        
        Symptoms
        
        Leaves become discoloured
        
        Plant can't carry out photosynthesis
        
        Spread
        
        Affects plants
    - - Rose Black Spot
        
        Symptoms
        
        Causes purple or black spots
        
        (duh)
        
        Leaves then drop off
        
        Photosynthesis can't be carried out
        
        Cure
        
        Spray Fungicides
        
        Remove affected leaves
        
        Spread
        
        Wind or Water
    - - Malaria
        
        Spread
        
        Mosquitoes are Vectors
        
        Symptoms
        
        Repeating fever
        
        Can be fatal
        
        Cure
        
        insecticides
        
        Stopping Mosquitoes from breeding
    - - Salmonella
        
        Symptoms
        
        Fever
        
        Stomach Cramps
        
        Vomiting
        
        Diarrhoea
        
        Spread
        
        Caused by toxins
        
        Contaminated food
        
        A chicken that caught the disease while alive
        
        Prevention
        
        Vaccinating Chicken while alive
      - Gonorrhoea
        
        Symptoms
        
        Pain during urination
        
        Thick yellow discharge from vagina or penis
        
        Spread
        
        Sexually
        
        Prevention
        
        Barrier Methods-Condom
        
        Antibiotics
    - - A dead or inactive sample of a pathogen
      - Carry antigens
      - Body produces antibodies
      - Body creates memory cells
      - When the actual pathogen appears the body knows how to respond and can therefore kills the pathogen quicker
      - Pros
        
        Help control lots of communicable diseases
        
        e.g. eradicated smallpox
        
        Prevents epidemics-large outbreaks in a certain area
        
        herd immunity
        
        When a large percentage of a population is immune the pathogen is less likely to spread, making people who aren't immune less likely to be infected
      - Cons
        
        Don't always work
        
        Side effects
        
        swelling, fever or seizures
        
        Rare
    - - Painkillers
        
        Prevent symptoms
        
        Aspirin
      - Antibiotics
        
        kill pathogen or prevent it from spreading
        
        Doesn't work for viruses
      - Bacteria can become resistant
        
        Reduce prescribing them to slow down rate of development for resistant strains
      - Some came from plants
        
        Aspirin
        
        Willow
        
        Painkiller & to lower fever
        
        Digitalis
        
        Foxgloves
        
        Used to treat heart conditions
      - Some came from microorganisms
        
        Alexander Flemming
        
        he noticed that there was mould in a petri dish, and there was no bacteria around the mould
        
        The mould was penicillin
      - Development
        
        Preclinical testing
        
        tested on human cells and tissues in a lab
        
        Can't test whole body's reaction
        
        e.g. testing blood pressure
        
        Live animals
        
        test efficacy (whether drug works and produces the desired effect)
        
        Find out about toxicity and best dosage
        
        Law that any drug must be test on 2 different types of mammals
        
        ethical concerns
        
        Clinical Trials
        
        tested on human volunteers
        
        Tested on healthy volunteers
        
        To make sure there are no side-effects
        
        If result is good, it is then tested on patients with that disease
        
        Find optimal dosage
        
        Most effective with fewest side effects
        
        To test patients are put into 2 groups
        
        Actual drug
        
        Placebo
        
        Blind- Only the patient doesn't know which group they're in
        
        Double blind- Neither the patient or doctor knows
  - - - Single celled prokaryotic
    - - not a cell
    - - Single celled eukaryotic
    - - Come in different shapes
  - - - a type of white blood cell (also known as b-cells)
    - - This means that all the antibodies are identical and will only target one specific protein antigen
    - - So they are fused with tumour cell
        
        This creates hybridoma
    - - Hormone called HCG is found in urine when a woman is pregnant
      - The part where u 'wee' has HCG specific antibodies with blue beads attached to it
      - The test strip as the same antibody that is stuck to the test strip (so it can't move)
      - If pregnant
        
        The hormone binds to the antibodies
        
        the urine moves up the stick
        
        The hormone binds to the antibodies so the blue beads also gets stuck
        
        Blue line appears
      - If not pregnant
        
        Urine moves up the stick
        
        but the blue beads have no HCG to bind
        
        No blue line appears
    - - Mouse injected with chosen antigen
      - B-Lymphocytes taken from mouse
      - Fused with tumour cell
      - Makes a hybridoma
      - Divides quickly to make lots of clones