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6. CELL RESPIRATION - Coggle Diagram
6. CELL RESPIRATION
ATP AND ENERGY TRANSFER
ATP (ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE IS A NUCLEOTIDE WITH THE BASE ADENINE, RIBOSE AND 3 PHOSPHATE GROUPS
ATP IS USED AS THE ENERGY CURRENCY IN ALL CELLS BECAUSE IT IS CHEMICALLY STABLE, SOLUBLE IN WATER TO DIFFUSE IN THE CYTOPLASM AND EASILY REGENERATED
LIFE PROCESSES
BIOSYNTHESIS OF MACROMOLECULES - ANABOLIC REACTIONS USE ATP TO CONSTRUCT COMPLEX MOLECULES FROM SIMPLER ONES
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT ACROSS MEMBRANES - ATP IS REQUIRED TO MOVE MATERIAL AGAINST A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
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TYPES OF RESPIRATION
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ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
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YEAST
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THE ETHANAL IS THEN REDUCED TO ETHANOL BY TRANSFERRING 2 H ATOMS FROM REDUCED NAD, PRODUCING NAD
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THE METABOLIC PATHWAYS FOR ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IN YEAST IS THE SAME FOR HUMANS APART FROM THE METHOD USED TO REGENERATE NAD
SUBSTRATES
CARBOHYDRATES
CARBOHYDRATES ARE THE MOST COMMONLY USED RESPIRATORY SUBSTRATE BECAUSE THEY ARE EASIER TO DIGEST AND TRANSPORT
CARBOHYDRATES CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO MONOSACCHARIDES WHICH ARE ABLE TO BE USED IN GLYCOLYSIS AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
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LIPIDS
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FATTY ACID CHAINS ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO 2C COMPOUNDS TO FORM ACETYL COA SO THEY CAN ONLY BE DIGESTED AEROBICALLY
LIPIDS HAVE A LARGER YIELD OF ENERGY COMPARED TO CARBOHYDRATES SINCE THEY HAVE LESS OXYGEN AND MORE OXIDABLE HYDROGEN AND CARBON
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RESPIRATION PATHWAYS
RESPIRATION IS THE PART OF METABOLISM IN WHICH CARBON COMPOUNDS ARE OXIDIZED TO RELEASE ENERGY IN THE FORM OF ATP
GLUCOSE AND FATTY ACIDS ARE THE MAIN SUBSTRATES FOR CELL RESPIRATION BUT A WIDE RANGE OF CARBON COMPOUNDS CAN BE USED
GAS EXCHANGE IS THE SWAPPING OF ONE GAS WITH ANOTHER AT A SURFACE WHERE A CELL OR ORGANISM IS IN CONTACT WITH THE ENVIRONMENT
GLYCOLYSIS
GLYCOLYSIS IS THE FIRST PART OF BOTH AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION IF GLUCOSE IS THE SUBSTRATE WHICH OCCURS IN THE CYTOPLASM OF THE CELL
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- PHOSPHORYLATION: GLUCOSE IS PHOSPHORYLATED BY 2 MOLECULES OF ATP
- LYSIS: THE HEXOSE (6C) IS SPLIT INTO 2 TRIOSE PHOSPHATES (3C)
- OXIDATION: HYDROGEN ATOMS ARE REMOVED FROM EACH OF THE 3C SUGARS TO REDUCE NAD - 2 MOLECULES OF NADH ARE PRODUCED
- ATP FORMATION: SOME OF THE ENERGY RELEASED FROM THE SUGAR INTERMEDIATES IS USED TO SYNTHESISE ATP
PYRUVATE
GLYCOLYSIS CAN CONTINUE IN A CELL AS LONG AS GLUCOSE DOES NOT RUN OUT AND BOTH ADP AND NAD ARE REGENERATED
IN HUMANS, NAD IS REGENERATED BY TRANSFERRING H ATOMS FROM REDUCED NAD TO PYRUVATE
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LINK REACTION
IF OXYGEN IS AVAILABLE, PYRUVATE PRODUCED IN GLYCOLYSIS CAN BE OXIDIZED FURTHER BUT PYRUVATE MUST FIRST BE CONVERTED INTO THE ACETYL GROUPS
CONVERSION OF PYRUVATE PRODUCED BY GLYCOLYSIS INTO ACETYL GROUPS NEEDED FOR THE KREBS CYCLE IS KNOWN AS THE LINK REACTION
- PYRUVATE IS TRANSPORTED INTO THE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
- PYRUVATE LOSES A CARBON ATOM (DECARBOXYLATION) WHICH FORMS A CARBON DIOXIDE MOLECULE
- THE 2C COMPOUND THEN FORMSN AN ACETYL GROUP WHEN IT LOSES H ATOMS VIA OXIDATION (NAD IS REDUCED TO NADH)
- THE ACETYL COMPOUND IS THEN TRANSFERRED TO COENZYME A TO FROM ACETYL COENZYME A (ACETYL COA)
PER PYRUVATE, THE LINK REACTION PRODUCES 1 ACETYL COA, 1 NADH AND 1 CO2
KREBS CYCLE
THE SECOND STAGE OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION IS THE KREBS CYCLE WHICH OCCURS IN THE MATRIX OF THE MITOCHONDRIA
IN THE KREBS CYCLE, ACETYL COA TRANSFERS ITS ACETYL GROUP TO A 4C COMPOUND (OXALOACETATE) TO MAKE A 6C COMPOUND (CITRATE)
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4 OXIDATION REACTIONS RESULT IN THE REDUCTION OF HYDROGEN CARRIERS (3 X NADH AND 1 FADH2), THEREFORE, DEHYDROGENATION REACTIONS
THE KREBS CYCLE PRODUCED 2 ATP, 4 CO2 AND 8 H CARRIERS
ENERGY TRANSFERS
THE FINAL STAGE OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION IS THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN IN THE INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE
NADH SUPPLIES 2 ELECTRONS TO THE FIRST CARRIER IN THE CHAIN. THE ELECTRONS COME FROM OXIDATION REACTIONS IN GLYCOLYSIS, THE LINK REACTION AND THE KREBS CYCLE
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THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN RELEASES THE ENERGY STORED WITHIN THE REDUCED HYDROGEN CARRIERS IN ORDER TO SYNTHESIZE ATP
THIS IS CALLED OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION AS THE ENERGY TO SYNTHESIZE ATP IS DERIVED FROM THE OXIDATION OF HYDROGEN CARRIERS
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ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
PROTON MOTIVE FORCE
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AS ELECTRONS PASS THROUGH THE CHAIN, THEY LOOSE ENERGY WHICH IS USED BY THE CHAIN TO PUMP PROTONS FROM THE MATRIX
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CHEMIOSMOSIS
THE GRADIENT IS A STORE OF POTENTIAL ENERGY WHICH IS USED BY THE ENZYME ATP SYNTHASE TO GENERATE ATP BY PHOSPHORYLATION OF ADP
THE PROTON MOTIVE FORCE WILL CAUSE H+ IONS TO MOVE DOWN THEIR ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT AND DIFFUSE BACK INTO THE MATRIX
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AS H+ IONS MOVE THROUGH ATP SYNTHASE, THEY TRIGGER THE MOLECULAR ROTATION OF THE ENZYME, SYNTHESIZING ATP
REDUCTION OF OXYGEN
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OXYGEN ACTS AS THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR, REMOVING THE DE-ENERGISED ELECTRONS WHILE ALSO BINDING WITH FREE PROTONS TO FORM WATER
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