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paper 2 geography - Coggle Diagram
paper 2 geography
Rio NEE case study
location
south east Brazil
near guanabara bay
Christ the redeemer
major port
challenges
shortage of schools and teachers
lack of money
teenagers need to support their families by working
access to resources
water
12% of Rio's population don't have running water
37% is lost through leaks and illegal access
droughts make water expensive
energy
frequent power cuts and blackouts
many people in favelas get electricity by illegally tapping into mains energy supply
root((Chambamontera Micro Hydro Scheme))
Location
: Isolated community, Northern Peru
: Andes mountains, steep slopes, high rainfall
: Remote, 2+ hours drive from nearest town (Jaén)
Technology
: Small-scale, "run-of-the-river" system
: Diverts water from fast-flowing stream/river
: Components: Forbay (small storage dam), Penstock (high-pressure pipe), Turbine, Generator
: Capacity: 15 kW
: Appropriate technology: simple machinery, locally maintainable
Management & Funding
:
Stakeholders
: Local community, Practical Action (NGO), Peruvian government, Japanese investors
:
Funding Model
: Total cost US$51,000; funded by mix of government/Japanese grants and community contributions ($750 per family on credit)
:
Ownership
: Owned and managed by the local community
:
Maintenance
: Local people trained for building and repairs
Benefits
:
Social
: Improved quality of life
: Electric lighting replaces hazardous kerosene lamps (better air quality, fewer fires)
: Improved healthcare (refrigeration for vaccines, better dental services)
: Enhanced education (lighting for study, computers in schools)
: Street lighting (improved safety)
: Reduced rural-to-urban migration
:
Economic
: New local businesses (coffee de-husking, furniture making, restaurants, internet cafes)
: Job creation and local skill development
: Increased incomes (60% increase for some)
: Lower electricity costs compared to kerosene/diesel
: Money stays within the local economy
:
Environmental
: Renewable, "fuel-free" energy source
: Minimal environmental impact during installation/operation
: Avoids large dams/reservoirs
: Less need to burn wood (reduces deforestation and soil erosion)
: Regulating water flow reduces flood risk
Challenges/Disadvantages
: High initial cost for a small community
: Poor people still have to pay metered electricity
: Potential population pressure from growth
: Some equipment might need to be imported
: Small storage dam can affect scenery
Sustainability
: Small-scale and uses appropriate technology
: Long lifespan (25+ years) with low running costs
: Community-managed, ensuring long-term viability
: Replicable model for other isolated communities