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principles of vaccines - Coggle Diagram
principles of vaccines
aquired immunity (naturally aquired is from just living in the environment (active is breathing, passive is from mother), artificially is antigen or antibody introduced via injection (active is when antigens are introduced and the body makes its own antibodies (vaccines) passive is when antibodies itself are introduced via injection into body)
history
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lady montagu- variolation (innoculation of smallpox (pus) into skin 18 century. gave really mild cases when they contracted disease. she also documented her stuff
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safety
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dravet syndrome- mutation in a gene, vaccines are a trigger of seizure
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stats?
only 70 % of children born in 2016 recveived the primary 7 vaccination series Children born 2020-2021 had 73% of the same series
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why?/ improvements
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primary and secondary immune response (antibodies form, memory B cells
ideal vaccine- can be swallowed, allows for mucous membranes to be directly affected because this is what the infectinos ususally hit, affordable, stable w/o fridge, multiple antigen, lifelong immunity from one dose at birth
types of vaccines
live attenuated- use a weakened form of pathogen, can still replicate but does not cause disease. ex MMR varicella yellow fever OPV, pros- strong long lasting immunity cons- not suitable for immunocompriomized people, needs fridge
inactivated or killed vaccines- contains a dead pathogen (heat radiation chem) ex HPV hep a Rabies pro- cannot cause disease safe for immunocompromised cons- weaker response requires booster
subunit/recombinant- part of a pathogen is used to stim immunity ex HPV hep b pneumonoccoal meningoccol pros- safe effective targeted response (to the specific part of the pathogen) cons- requires booster or a series
toxoid- contains inactivated toxins from bacteria ex diptheria tetanus pros- safe and stable, targets toxin associated diseases cons- requires booster
mRNA- use mRNA that encodes for a piece of the pathogens protein ex covid vaccine pros- fast to design, strong immune response cons- requires cold storage newer technology
viral vector vaccines- use a harmless virus to deliver genetic material from the pathogen ex J and J covid ebola pros-strong immune adaptable cons- possible preexisting immunity to vector (when the harmless virus carries in the genetic info the body could already have a response to the harmless one making it ineffective)