Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Principles of Vaccination - Coggle Diagram
Principles of Vaccination
History of Vaccination
Jenner: developed vaccination using cowpox virus
Pasteur created a vaccine for rabies
Lady Montagu: introduced variation which involved inoculation of smallpox into the skin
Principle and effects of vaccination
Secondary (anamnestic) response: produces a rapid and intense increase in antibody levels
Herd immunity: provides community protection when 95%+ are vaccinated (safety in numbers)
Primary response: leads to formation of antibodies and memory B cells
Development of New Vaccines
should provide lifelong immunity with a single dose (no boosters)
should be stable without refrigeration and affordable for global use (multiple antigen)
Ideal vaccine should be swallowed instead of injected (most pathogens invade through mucus membranes- HIV/FLU)
Safety of Vaccines
Rotavirus vaccine was withdrawn in 1999 but later replaced. This was due to the risk of intestinal obstruction. New vaccine is now available
MMR vaccine was rumored to cause autisms, which research shows is not true.
Oral polio vaccine may cause disease and was eradicated by the WHO
Autism spectrum disorder with both genetic/environment components
Types of Vaccines Overview
Toxoid (inactivated toxin)
mRNA (genetic code of antigen)
Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines
Inactivated (killed pathogen)
Viral vector (uses harmless virus as a carrier)
Live-attenuated (weakened pathogen)
Live-attenuated vaccine
ex: MMR, varicella, yellow fever, OPV
Pros: long-lasting immunity, mimics natural infection- strong
contain a weakened form of the pathogen that can still replicate but does not cause disease
Cons: Not for immunocompromised individuals and requires refrigeration
Inactivated (killed) vaccines
Ex: HPV, hepatitis A and rabies
Pros: cannot cause disease, safe for immunocompromised individuals
Contains pathogens killed by heat, chemicals or radiation
Cons: weaker immune response and needs boosters
Subunit, Recombinant, Polysaccharide and Conjuagate vaccines
Ex: HPV, Hep B, pneumococcal, meningococcal
Pros: Very safe and targeted response
Use only specific parts of the pathogen (protein, sugar or capsid)
Cons: may require boosters
Toxoid Vaccines
Ex: diphtheria, tetanus
Pros: safe and targets toxin-mediated diseases
Contain inactivated toxins from bacteria
Cons: require boosters
mRNA vaccines
Ex: Pfizer-BioNTech, moderna COVID-19 vaccines
Pros: fast to design, strong immune response
use messenger RNA that encodes a piece of the pathogen's proteins
Cons: requires cold storage, newer technology
Viral Vector Vaccines
Ex: J&J COVID-19, Ebola
Pros: strong immune response and adaptable
Use a harmless virus to deliver genetic material
Cons: preexisting immunity to the vector may reduce effectiveness
Summary:
All vaccines aim to stimulate memory and provide protective immunity
Continued development helps address emerging diseases