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AN EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY SUCCESS STORY - Coggle Diagram
AN EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY SUCCESS STORY
Social Interdependence Theory and Cooperative Learning
1) INTRODUCTION
Born after the refuse of individualistic educational practices
After 1966, become the best educational practice in all world and scolastic field
Thanks to its clear theoretical background
Social Interdependence Theory
Cooperative Learning
2) SOCIAL INTERDEPENDENCE THEORY
Historical Roots
Original Theory
Morton
(Positive and negative) interdependence different based on structured goals
Features of positive interdependence
Substitutability
Positive cathexis
Inducibility
Some modifies to this beginning theory
Gestalt Psychology
Kurt Lews
3) ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF COOPERATION
Positive Interdependence
Structured by
Outcomes (goals and rewards)
Means (resources, roles and assigned tasks)
Boundaries
Based on the principle of perceptual organization
Defines:
Outside enemy
Identity
Environmental interdependence
Related with productivity and achievement
Goal interdependence > Resource Interdependence > Individualistic effors
No differences achieve reward - avoid a loss
Interdependence modify reasoning and feeling towards group members
Contribution to the public good
Entitativity
Procedures involved in interdependence determines levels of productivity
Individual Accountability and Personal Responsibility
Group accountability > Individual Accountability
Lack of accountability reduce personal responsibility
Groups larger, less responsability, more social loafing
Promotive Interaction
Helping, understanding, challening others
Appropriate Use of Social Skills
Higher achievment
More positive relationships
Role of feedback
Group processing
Reflection about group members and group actions/decisions
Development of relationships
individual feedback > whole-group feedback
Importance of both instructor processing and partecipant processing
Role of compensation effect
Great awareness about group's resources
Increasing in member's involvement in the group's efforts
4) CONDITIONS FOR CONSTRUCTIVE COMPETITION
Conditions to achieve less alone
Self-worth protection
Self-handicapping
Defensive Pessimism
Conditions to promote constructive competition
Unimportance of winning
Equal chances to win
Clear and Specific Rules
No ambiguity
5) CONDITIONS FOR CONSTRUCTIVE INDIVIDUALISTIC EFFORTS
Cooperation costly
Relevant goals
Successful possibilities to achieve it
Unitary tasks to complete
Clear directions for completing tasks
Individualistic effors can be used in a division of labour
Divided in positive and negative interdependence
Different from social dependence, social independence and social helpessness
6) RESEARCH ON SOCIAL INTERDEPENDENCE
Amount and Characteristics of Research
Oldest field of research
High internal and external validity
Effort to Achieve
Cooperating > Individualism / Competition
Increasing in (cognitive and moral) reasoning
Spending more time with the task
Not only the stuff described
Psychological Health and Self-Esteem
Working cooperatively increase psychological health
Increase also self-esteem
Also competition but depends on wins or loses
Internalizing of constructive values
Ex. competition and individualistic values
Possibility of conflict
Many possible outcomes demonstrated by resolution programs implemented in schools
Positive interpersonal relationships and Social Support
Relationship between cooperative climate and interpersonal attraction
To confirm the social judgment theory
Relationship continues voluntary after task
Related with academic achievement
Importance of positive peer relationship (teaching advice)
Cooperative experience predict cooperative predispositions
Predispositions predict prosocial behaviour
Possibility to prevent bullying
7) APPLICATION OF SOCIAL INTERDEPENDENCE THEORY
Operationalizing Teaching Procedures
Teacher training on understanding of the nature of cooperative learning
Promoting the formal cooperative learning
How to reach it?
Make a number of preinstructional decisions
Explain the task and positive interdependence
Monitor students' learning end intervene in the groups when occurs
Evaluate students' learning
But also informal cooperative learning and cooperative base groups
Cooperative School
Collegial teaching teams
Like a school governing council
Supported by school task forces
Example of success cooperative procedure
Field Evaluations and Instituzionalizations
Widespread of researches and demonstrated validity of cooperative learning
Expansion of the scope of Social Interdependence Theory
School integration (disabilities and immigrants
Emphasis of positive peer pressure
Need to introduct new dependent variables