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Diseases of ruminant head - Coggle Diagram
Diseases of ruminant head
Restraint
cattle
crush
HALTER
gag for mouth + teeth
torch
speculum to examine larynx
sheep + goats
in pen
halter for rams
gag
torch
Distance exam
symmetry
ears
eyes
nose
mouth--> jaw, teeth, tongue
swellings
lesions on skin
lymph nodes lymphoreticular (submandibular, parotid, retropharyngeal)
Focused exam
head: symmetry, head position, neck position
mucous membranes ocular, oral, nasal, FAMACHA, location, lesions
tongue: visual + palpate
cheeks: palpate from outside only
teeth: incisors
jaw
pharynx
larynx palpate externally
lymph nodes
salivary glands
oesophagus
Head
Big head--> malignant oedema
Clostridium septicum enters via wounds/trauma
rapid onset of severe swelling, oedema + crepitus
v. poor prognosis
vaccine to prevent
Snake bite
adder
sandy heathland
more common in youngstock
swelling around muzzle
symptomatic treatment
good prognosis
injury
Mucous membranes
Cattle
pallor of ocular mucous membranes
anaemia
ulceration of oral mucous membranes
Bovine Papular Stomatitis
calves <12 months
parapox virus
shallow papules + vesicles on muzzle, hard palate + gums
no treatment required--> spontaneous recovery 4-7 days
differential for FMD
highly contagious
Mucosal disease
calves <6-8 months
BVD
pestivirus
persistently infected calves only (mutation of BVD)
ulceration in GIT + feet
oral ulceration
severe D+
ulcers around coronary band + interdigital space--> lameness
diagnosis: blood test for BVD antigen
fatal + untreatable wasting disorder
FMD
ulceration of nasal mucous membranes/muzzle
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)
Malignant Catarrhal fever (MCF)
Sheep + goats
pallor of ocular mucous membranes
anaemia
ulceration of oral mucous membranes
Orf
Bluetongue
FMD
Bluetongue
cattle, sheep, goats + camelids
orbvirus
NOTIFIABLE
spread by midges
ulceration + crusting of oral and nasal mucous membranes
swelling of face, lips, nose + tongue
ulcers on coronary band, reddening of interdigital space
pyrexia
abortion, deformities, stillbirths, early embryoonic death
FMD
cattle, sheep, goats, pigs
aphthovirus
NOTIFIABLE
very infectious
blisters (which can cause ulcers) in mouth, lips, oral + nasal mucosa, tongue, salivation
blisters on coronary band causes lameness
pigs most severely affected
Tongue
Wooden tongue
cattle
actinobacillus lignieresi--> normal commensal of oral cavity
gram -ve, aerobic, coccobacillus
organism enters mucosa following trauma e.g. thistles, abrasive feed
swollen tongue with intermandibular swelling
tongue protrude from mouth
firm tongue
prognosis good if caught early
treatment: antibiotics e.g. Amoxicillin, Oxytetracycline, NSAID
prevention: good quality feed, forage + grazing, avoid thistles
Trauma
clinical signs: inappetence, salivation, bleeding
treatment: antibiotics, NSAIDs
good prognosis, depending on severity
young more curious
prevent by grazing away from sources of trauma
Cheeks
Calf Diphtheria
fusobacterium necrophorum--> normal commensal
gram -ve anaerobic bacillus
trauma to mucosa of cheek from fibrous straw or tooth abrasions
check hygiene of milk
clinical signs: solid lump in cheek, swelling of cheek, halitosis (bad breath), salivation
treatment not always necessary--> small lumps will often self resolve, large swellings need Abx
v. good prognosis
avoid coarse forages, supply good feed
Trauma: molars
sheep + goats
coarse feed
firm swelling, palpable externally within cheek muslce
may resolve on its own, Abx if large
good prognosis
Teeth
malocclusion of lower incisors and dental pad
cattle
eruption of permanent teeth may be painful
eruption times every 6 months from 20-24 months
Jaw
Lumpy jaw
adult cattle
actinomyces bovis--> normal commensal
gram +ve, anaerobic, rod
mucosal damage e.g. trauma from coarse rough feed
results in osteomyelitis + associated bony change
chronic granulomtatous infection in mandible + maxilla
warm, painful mandible
occasional oedema of soft tissues
inappetence
may burst, resulting in granulomatous draining tract
treat with Abx e.g. penicillin, amoxicillin, oxytetracycline and NSAIDs
sodium iodide IV if refractory to Abx
good prognosis if caught early, poor if extensive bony change
often left with unilateral swelling of mandible
prevent with good quality forage + avoid stones when making silage
Fractures
clinical signs: salivation, inappetence, swelling
no treatment
diagnosis: palpation of crepitus, ID fracture
no treatmets
symphysial fracture may heal
mandibular/maxilla fracture--> CULL
prevention!!
Tooth root abscess
all species
in cattle, may lead to lumpy jaw
treat with Abx and NSAIDs
good prognosis
Submandibular abscess
all species
Trueperella pyogenes
gram +ve, anaerobic rod
trauma
smooth, soft swelling in submandibular region--> may have pus
diagnosis: clinical signs + FNA if fluid filled portion palpable
if draining abscess, flush with dilute hibiscrub
may require Abx
good prognosis
prevent with good quality forage + grazing
Submandibular oedema/ Bottle jaw
all species
protein losing disease
heart diseases
soft flocculant swelling under jaw
swelling pits when pressed with finger
Pharynx (including hard palate + soft palate)
Dosing or bolus gun injuries
liquid medicines
incorrect restrained
incorrect size of dosing gun/blus
rough drenching
swelling of pharyngeal/laryngeal area
salivation
inappeteence
death
treatment rarely effective
poor prognosis
prevention!!
Congenital deformities
e.g. cleft palate, harelip, malocclusion
clinical signs: dysphagia, ill thrift, nasal discharge
no treatment--> cull most
malocclusion can have good prognosis if not severe
Larynx
Laryngeal necrobacillosis/necrotising laryngitis
CALF DIPHTHERIA
Belgian Blue calves predisposed to narrow larynx
increased resp effort
due to poor technique or sharp edges to stomach tube
Texel throat: Laryngeal chondritis
clinical signs: stertor (snorting), dyspnoea, exercise intolerance
treatment rarely successful--> poor prognosis
avoid breeding from affected animals
Trauma
dosing gun injuries
stomach tube injuries
Lymph nodes
Caseous Lymphadenitis
sheep + goats
cornyebacterium pseudotuberculosis
solid abscesses
specifically parotid
Enzootic bovine leukosis
retrovirus
NOTIFIABLE
Malignant catarrhal fever
cattle
ovine herpes virus-2 (doesn't cause dz in sheep, they are carriers)
local infection
Salivary glands
uncommon
sialocele (or mucocele)
blocked duct
soft swelling in submandibular area or cheek
diagnose with clin exam or FNA
treat by removing cause of blockage
prognosis generally poor
Oesophagus
Oesophageal obstruction Choke)
EMERGENCY
blockage due to feed
clinical signs: salivation, bloat (cannot eructate gas from rumen), extend neck in attempt to swallow, complete/partial affects severity
diagnosis: visualise, palpate, stomach tube (don't forve)
use Spasmolytic to relax oesophagus (e.g. Buscopan or Spasmium) + manipulate obstruction up--> if fail then let food break up naturally
if cannot remove then MUST relieve rumen pressure with trocar
prognosis generally good depending on damage to oesophagus
prevent with chopped up food
Actinobacillus papilloma
actinobacillus lignieresi
gram -ve, aerobic, coccobacillus--> normal commensal of oral cavity
occasionally cause lesions in oesophagus + rumen
organism enters mucosa following trauma such as abrasive feed
reccurent bloat--> partial obstruction
can lead to vagal indigestion
diagnosis: exploratory laparotomy or PM
no effective treatment, similar to Wooden Tongue
Trauma/stricture
Vagal indigestion or Chronic Indigestion Syndrome
cattle, sheep and goats
chronic dysfunction of reticulorumen +/- abomasum --> delayed emptying of one or both --> abdominal distension
Anterior functional stenosis (or proximal)
involves reticulum
vagus nerve
weight loss, progressive inappetence over a period of time
clinical signs
abdominal distension--> "papple" shape (pear shape on upper quadrant, apple shape on lower quadrant)--> distension of left dorsal and right ventral quadrants
rumen feels like porridge
may have decreased faecal contractions
may have increased, decreased or normal rumen contractions
Pyloric (abomasum) outflow failure (posterior functional failure
e.g. surgical complication after LDA/RDA surgery
rarely seen at end of gestation if large calf is compression outflow
clinical signs
abdominal distension ("Papple")
decreased faecal production
increased, decreased or normal rumen contraction
progressive dehydration
diagnosis based on clinical presentation, history, timescale (chronic problem)
prognosis is poor because rumen is distended
mobility disturbances delay passage of food through reticulorumen (anterior) and abomasum (posterior)
exploratory laparotomy
dilation of rumen + reticulum in cattle with anterior functional stenosis
dilation of abomasum, omasum + rumen in posterior functional failure
treatment unlikely to be successful unless due to a mechanical obstruction that can be removed e.g. wire
prevent traumatic reticulitis, pneumonia + LDA!!!
prognosis generally poor
Liver disease
Liver abcsess
fusobacterium necrophorum--> normal commensal of oral cavity
gram -ve anaerobic bacillus
linked to rumen acidosis and SARA
erosion of ruminal epithelium, ulceration + infection (low pH of rumen)
cranial aspect of rumen touches liver--> transfer of pathogens directly to liver
bacteria invade ruminal wall and enter portal circulation to liver
spread from umbilicus in young animals
clinical signs: weight loss or ill thrift (fail to grow)
often incidental finding after slaughter/ PM
correct forage + management of navel at birth
Fatty liver
cattle, sheep + goats
decreased appetite
rapid weight loss post calving
in dairy cattle: increased metabolic issues, decreased milk production, ketosis, LDA
in sheep + beef cattle: pregnancy toxaemia
diagnose using NEFA test on blood sample
no treatment, just supportive (treat associated diseases)
prevent by controlling BCS (3.0 at calving/lambing), monensin bolus to at risk late lactation cows (>3.5) and keep diet suitable for stage of pregnancy + lactation
Blacks disease
Clostridium novyi type B found in soil and BIT
sheep, cattle and goats
acute toxaemia produced by organism
occurs when liver damage causes anaerobic environment where organism can grow + produce toxin
sudden death
diagnose post mortem
rapid decomposition of carcass
blood stained fluid in abdomen, thorax + pericardium
liver swollen + congested --> liver fluke
prevent liver fluke + give clostridial vaccine
Infectious necrotic hepatitis
Bacillary necrosis
Bacillary haemoglobinuria: Clostridium haemolyticum aka Clostrdium novyi type D--> spores in soil + liver
cattle, sheep + goats
gram +ve spore forming anaerobe
associated with fasciola hepatica migration (summer/autumn)
sudden death
diagnose PM
dark red urine, haemorrhagic intestinal contents
blood stained fluid in abdomen, thorax, pericardium
liver fluke
prevent liver fluke + clostridial vaccine
Liver fluke
cattle, sheep, goats
IH: mud snail
acute dz: ingestion of large numbers of immature fluke in early autumn
clinical signs: sudden death, extensive + severe liver damage, internal bleeding
subacute dz: migration of juvenile fluke in late autumn
weight loss (low BCS), depression, inappetence, weakness
chronic dz: adult flukes in bile duct in late winter early spring
Toxin associated hepatic disease
