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Crime, Ingenuity fallacy is :check: :no_entry: :<3: :!: :unlock: -…
Crime
Gender and crime
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13% of male criminals have committed murder whilst another 13% raped or sexually assaulted another person.
Pollack argues that gender statistics are incorrect as women are more deceitful when committing crime and there is also the chivalry thesis impacting them.
Hood studied 3000 defendants and found 1/3 women were less likely to be in jail for similar offences as their male counterpart.
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Adler says a rise in feminism has led to less patriarchal control so women have more opportunities to commit crime.
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Media and crime
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Missing white women syndrome is the focus of the media on kidnap, rape or murder victims that are young, female and white whilst ignoring others.
Moral panic theory are instances of public anxiety in response to a problem regarded as threatening in the moral standards of society.
Criticisms of this theory (Mcrobbie and Thornton): it is outdated, postmodernists argue people are now sceptical of mainstream media and Beck says there are too many risks that we aren't face by things that used to cause moral panics.
Greer and Reiner
3 of their news values that influence crime reporting are dramatisation, personalisation and novelty.
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Surette
He believed in the backwards law which was the belief media representation is the opposite of the official stats
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Ethnicity and crime
15% of males in prison are African-Caribbean, whilst this is 21% for Women.
Minorities are twice as likely to be stopped and searched and more likely to be charged and cautioned.
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Waddington et al state that some areas have high densities of minorities explaining high stop and searches.
Sewell says there are 3 factors for crime among black boys: lack of a father figure, negative experience of white culture and the media making boys think they can gain status with trending fashion.
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Labelling theories
Labelling processes
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Cicourel
Believes that police stereotypes will determine labels of criminal and deviant, more likely to be applied to WC than MC.
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Pros and Cons
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Con - over-deterministic, assumes everyone with negative label becomes a criminal.
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Globalisation
Castell's, Global Crime Economy
A massive, interconnected network of illegal activities worth over $1 trillion per year.
Hobbs and Dunningham, Glocal Crime
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Glenny's McMafia belief
The rapid deregulation of global financial markets in the late 1980s, led to a massive, globalized expansion of organized crime
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Functionalists
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Subcultural theories
Cohen's status frustration - working class boys lacked the values to achieve causing status frustration, which led to them forming a delinquent subculture, leading to crime.
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Miller
Male working class delinquency is a normal part of macho lower class culture into which they are socialised, usually headed by a female.
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Marxists
Capitalism is criminogenic as the class divide means that the working class have to commit crimes in order to survive.
Gordon suggested that it is not surprising that the working class commit crime but that they didn't commit more of it.
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Snider states that capitalist states are unlikely to pass laws that regulate capitalist concerns and also argues that laws that appear to support the working class are merely a smokescreen designed to mask their exploitation.
The ideological function of crime is the process by which the working class are divided as they see criminals as their own problem, not capitalism, which Pearce argues benefits capitalism and creates a false consciousness.
Cons - over-emphasises property crime, feminists argue it focuses mainly on male crime, over emphasises class inequality, ignore victims as left realists point out working class crime is usually committed against others in the working class.
Neo - Marxists
Neo Marxists views crime as a complex social phenomenon arising from capitalism's inherent inequalities, but also as a conscious, voluntary act of resistance by individuals with free will.
Unlike traditional Marxism, it sees people not as passive puppets of capitalism but as active agents who can choose to commit crimes as a form of protest or defiance against an unjust system.
Taylor et al argues that crime is a voluntary, often political act that is a resistance to capitalist society's inequalities.
Hall: policing the crisis - argued that a media-generated moral panic formed over mugging in 1970s England was used to divert public attention away from the 'crisis of capitalism'.
Cons: Rock says it gives a romantic view of criminals, Feminists say Taylor et al was gender blind as they focused on male crime, it ignores non-property crime.
Left and Right realists
Left realists
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Causes of crime
Relative deprivation - when individuals feel deprived compared to others, it creates frustration and resentment that can lead to crime
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Subcultures - criminal subcultures subscribe to achieving their goals but resort to illegitimate means to achieve them.
Cons - only addresses systems rather than causes, assumes crime only takes place when value consensus breaks down and relative deprivation can not explain all crime.
Right realists
See crime as the real problem that destroys communities and undermines social cohesion, closely linked to New right
Causes of crime
Biological differences - Wilson and Herrnstein biosocial theory of crime states biological differences make some more predisposed to crime.
Socialisation and underclass - Murray says crime is rising due to the increase in the WC relying on the welfare state.
Rational choice - Clarke says committing crime is a choice based on rational calculation of consequences compared to reward.
Cons - Ignores structural causes of crime, overstates the cost/benefit calculation and methods of tackling crime just displace it to other areas.
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