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Thermodynamics, Chemical Equilibrium & Steady State - Coggle Diagram
Thermodynamics, Chemical Equilibrium & Steady State
Chemical Equilibrium
Forward = Reverse reaction rates
Law of Mass Action: K=[C]c[D]d/[A]a[B]b
Le Chatelier’s Principle: Shifts to oppose changes
Dynamic equilibrium = constant concentrations
Thermodynamics
System types: Open / Closed / Isolated
Study of heat, work, and energy
1st Law: Energy conserved (ΔU = Q + W)
2nd Law: Entropy ↑ ; heat flows hot → cold
Steady State vs. Equilibrium
Equilibrium: Closed, no net change
Steady State: Open,constant input/output → stable (homeostasis)
Examples: blood glucose, temperature, ion gradients
Thermodynamics in Biology
Living systems = open, non-equilibrium
Energy from food/sun → maintain order (low entropy)
Photosynthesis: Light → glucose
Cell respiration: Glucose → ATP
Enthalpy (ΔH) & Entropy (ΔS)
ΔH < 0 → Exothermic → spontaneous
ΔH > 0 → Endothermic → non-spontaneous
ΔS > 0 → Disorder ↑ → spontaneous
Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG)
Formula: ΔG = ΔH − TΔS
ΔG < 0 → spontaneous
ΔG = 0 → equilibrium
ΔG > 0 → non-spontaneous
Coupled reactions: Favorable + unfavorable → overall spontaneous (ATP powered)