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REALIST THEORIES OF CRIME, LATE MODERNITY , EXCLUSION AND CRIME, MORE LEFT…
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LATE MODERNITY , EXCLUSION AND CRIME
Young - late modernity - instability, insecurity and exclusion make crime worse
– 1950/60s was a 'golden age', consensus about right and wrong = low crime rates
loss of unskilled jobs, high unemployment established the family and community life = increased exclusion of those at the bottom
at the same time great inequality -> cultural inclusion and economic exclusion means everyone has access to the media's materialistic culture through the media
everyone wants to achieve the 'good life' - they cannot achieve the 'glittering prizes of wealthy society' as the poor are denied opportunites
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the result of exclusion is that types of crimes and amount is changing - crimes are becoming faster (hate crimes), racist attacks
reactions to crimes are changing - less consensus about what is right and wrong - boundaries have become blurred - informal social control has disintegrated, public are more intolerant and demand harsher penalties
second aetiological crisis - crime rates have decreased since 1990s which is a problem for realist explanation - Young claims that society still sees crime as a problem
public are concerned about crime because of 'defining deviance up' - anti-social behaviour is a problem - breaching an ASBO is a manufactured crime - it has no objective definition, they are flexible to target groups e.g. wearing hoodies, making noise
MORE LEFT REALISM
TACKLING CRIME
Kinsey, Lea and Young - police clear up rates are too low to act as a deterrent to crime - police spend too little time investigating crime - public must become more involved in determining police priorities
Military policing - police depend on the public to provide them with information - but the police are losing support in the inner cities and among EM and Young, so they turn to military policiing
– swamping areas, random stop and search - alienates communities further
– no trust = no information
left realists = police must be accountable to local communities - routine beat patrols, stop and search = ineffective
police need to improve relationships with communities, change priorities and get public involved in policy making
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EVALUATION
relative deprivation cannot fully explain crime as not all of those who experience this commit crime
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use of subcultural theory means that LR assumes that there is a value consensus and crime only occurs when this breaks down
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