Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Cardiovascular system - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Protect and anchors the heart
      - Prevents overfilling
      - Friction-free environment
    - - Parietal layers: lines the internal surface of fibrous pericardium
      - Visceral layer(epicardium) : lines the surface of heart
      - Separated by the fluid-filled pericardial activity
  - - - Receiving chamber, thin
    - - Discharging, thick
  - - - Superior and inferior vena cavae
      - Right, left pulmonary vein
    - - Pulmonary artery
      - Ascending aorta
    - - blood supply to heart muscle
        
        Artery
        
        Vein
  - - - Tricuspid right
      - Bicuspid left
      - Anchored by chordae tendineae to papillary muscle
  - - - Action potential longer than skeletal muscle due to plateau phase, long refractory period, prevents summation and tetanus, can cause fatal
    - - Role
        
        Initiate action potential, set pace of the heart
        
        Membrane potential: -60mv, threshold: -40mV
    - - SA (75/min), Av node, delay, Bundle of His, 2 bundle branches, purkinje fiber, ventricular wall and apex, contraction, ejection
  - - - Rest, Atrial contract, Pressure ventricle+,AV valve close (lub), constant volume, Semilunar valve open, ejecting blood, Ventricle relax, blood back arteries, semilunar valve close (dup)
    - - Stroke volume
        
        Volume of blood pumped out by ventricle with each beat
        
        End diastolic volume- end systolic volume
        
        Factor
        
        Preload: Frank-starling law
        
        Contractility increase: drug, stimuli, hormone, Ca2+
        
        Contractility decrease: acidosis, K+, Ca+ channel blocks
      - Cardiac output
        
        heart rate* stroke volume
        
        Amount of blood pumped by ventricle in one minute
  - - - +
        
        Sympathetic nervous system
      - -
        
        Parasympathetic nervous system
    - - increased blood in atria, SA node stimulation, increased HR, prevent blood damming
- - - - Water > 90%
        
        Transport organic & inorganic molecules, dissolves substances
      - Plasma protein 7%
        
        Albumins (60%)
        
        osmotic pressure, transport fatty acid thyroid and steroid hormone
        
        Globulin (35%)
        
        antibodies (immunoglobulins)
        
        Fibrinogen (4%)
        
        Form clots, long, insoluble strands of fibrin
      - Other solutes
        
        Electrolyte, organic solvent, organic wastes
    - - White blood cells
        
        Functions
        
        Defense
        
        Remove toxins & wastes
        
        Attack abnormal cells
        
        Movement
        
        Migrate out of the blood stream (diapedesis)
        
        Amoeboid movement
        
        Attracted to chemical stimuli (positive chemotaxis)
        
        Phagocytic
        
        Residence in connective tissue and lymphatic system
        
        Types
        
        Neutrophils
        
        Phagocytosis, pus
        
        Eosinophils
        
        Parasites, allergies
        
        Basophils
        
        Release histamine (dilate), heparin (prevent blood clotting)
        
        Monocytes
        
        macrophages: enter tissues, engulf large particles and pathogens, attract immune cells
        
        Lymphocytes
        
        Specific defense system
        
        t: cell-mediated
        
        B: humoral, antobodies
        
        Natural killer: abnormal tissue, cancer
      - Platelets
        
        Function
        
        clotting chemicals
        
        patch damaged vessel walls
        
        contract tissue
        
        Hemostasis
        
        Vascular
        
        Endothelins
        
        Platelet
        
        Platelet edhesion
        
        Platelet aggregation
        
        Coagulation
        
        Coagulation Pathway
        
        Extrinsic pathway
        
        Intrinsic pathway
        
        Common pathway
        
        Essential: Ca2+, vitamin K
        
        Fibrinolysis
        
        plasmin digest fibrin
      - Red blood cells
        
        Structure
        
        small, highly specialized, biconcave dics
        
        Advabtage: high surface to volume
        
        120 days
        
        Hemoglobin
        
        4 globular protein subunits, each subunit has 1 heme, each heme got 1 iron ion
        
        Iron ions: oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, carbaminohemoglobin
        
        Recycling process
        
        Erythropoiesis
        
        Macrophage, Haemoglobin breakdown, Iron (transferrin/ferritin)+ Biliverdin, Bilirubin, bile, stool