Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
THE SCIENTIFIC ENDEAVOUR (natalie) - Coggle Diagram
THE SCIENTIFIC ENDEAVOUR (natalie)
BUNSEN BURNER
used in labs
for heating
Barrel
Where gas & air mix
Collar
For adjusting the air intake
Air hole
For air to enter
Size
Air hole, fully closed
Cool flame
Safety flame
Luminous yellow flame
300*C
Not for heating
Shows Bunsen burner is on
Yellow / Orange
Gas cannot burn
Insufficient air
Soot (carbon particles)
Air hole, opened
Medium flame
Luminous blue flame
500*C
Gentle heating
Well-lit room
hard to see
Gas can burn
Sufficient air
Air hole, fully opened
Hot flame
Roaring blue flame
(only flame that makes noise)
(THE HOTTEST FLAME )
Light blue triangle
in the middle
Used for strong heating
700*C
Gas can burn completely
COMPARISON OF THE BLUE & YELLOW FLAMES (SOUND)
https://www.youtube.com/shorts/9BZOXaquj_M
Gas inlet
For gas to enter
From a source
Needle valve
Regulating the gas entering
Base
Support the burner
used in labs
for heating
important to use it
correctly
safely
A strike-back flame
(DURING IGNITION)
Air hole left fully opened
Too much air
gas burns near air hole
not top of the barrel
gas supply should be turned off
IMMEDIATELY
:fire:
:warning:
COMMON HAZARDS
Flammable
Alcohol
Catch fires
easily
Petrol
Radioactive
Radium
Emit radiation
Destroy body cells
Uranium
Plutonium
Corrosive
Concentrated acids
Burn the skin or eyes
Hydrogen peroxide
ALKALINE
Irritable
Ammonia
Irritate
Eyes
Skin
Respiratory system
Chloroform
Toxic / Poisonous
Mercury
Cause death / Harm body
Inhaling
Swallowing
Absorbing through skin
Lead
Cyanide
Explosive
Explode easily
Mixed with other substances
A mixture of Hydrogen and air
Potassium
Heated
COMMON LAB APPARATUS
Flat-bottom flask
To contain chemicals for preparing
gases without heating
Round-bottom flask
To contain chemicals for preparing
gases that require heating
Test tube
To contain or heat small amounts of
substances
Conical flask
To contain chemicals/liquids
Burette
To measure the volume
liquids/solutions
accuracy of 0.1 cm³
Filter funnel
To separate an insoluble solid from a
liquid
Bell jar
To separate an experimental setup
from the outside environment
Evaporating dish
To evaporate the liquid from a
solution
Measuring cylinder
To measure the volume of liquids/solutions
Crucible
To heat solids directly over a flame
Gas jar
To collect gases
Beaker
To contain or collect liquids or
solutions
Tripod stand
To support apparatus during heating
Boiling tube
To contain or heat small amounts of
substances
Pipette
Pipette
To measure a fixed volume of
liquids/solutions accurately
15 cm³, 25cm³ or 50 cm³
Advantages and limitations of science
ADVANTAGES
Technology
Application of scientific knowledge
Fields
communication
agriculture
a more comfortable lifestyle
transportation
medicine
industry
Importance of science
Scientific discoveries
improve our standard of living
Scientific knowledge
enables us to
understand
nature
conserve & preserve the environment.
appreciate
LIMITATIONS
the knowledge
subject to change from time to time
a process
cannot prevent natural disasters
earthquakes
tsunamis
cannot solve ethical & social issue
SCIENCE, A PART OF OUR EVERYDAY LIFE
Fields of science
Physics
matter
energy
forces
Chemistry
composition
chemical properties of matter
Biology
living things
their life processes
Biochemistry
living things
biochemical processes
Geology
rocks
minerals
structures of Earth
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
systematic approach
solve scientific inquiries
Questions
Observations
very important tool
extensive background research
collect information about topics
Construction of hypothesis
possible explanation
understand
WHY
something happens
Experimentation
carefully designed procedure
validates a hypothesis
Result analysis
experimental results
collection
data
information
about the experiment
Conclusion
outcome of the experiment
proving validity of hypothesis
(THE CONCLUSION CAN SUPPORT OR REJECT THE HYOTHESIS )
Reporting results
form of communication
share results of the experiment
with other scientists
Theories
explanations
apply to broad range of phenomena
with support from
experimental evidence
can be changed
new sets of data
support / reject theories
E.g.
The Big Bang theory
The cell theory
A scientific law
when tested repeatedly
100% TRUE!
E.g.
The law of reflection of light
The law of conservation of energy
Scientists' ATTITUDE
to learn
desirable attitudes is compulsory
E.g.
curiosity
integrity
perseverance
creativity
genuine interest
patience
receptive to
ideas
criticism
DESIGNING A FAIR EXPERIMENT
An experiment
carefully designed procedure
used to test a hypothesis
Variables
factors or conditions
that can affect experimental results
Independent variable
Manipulated/Changed variable.
a factor or condition
manipulated deliberately
Dependent variable
Responding variable
factor / condition that changes
according to a change
in the independent variable
Controlled variable
factor / condition kept constant
not being studied
can also affect dependent variable
Constant variable.
A good procedure
writing procedure of experiment
identify
ALL
variables affecting the hypothesis
COMPULSORY!
know the cause-and-effect
the variable manipulated/changed
Independent variable
the variable measured
Dependent variable
