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THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL COGNITION IN ADOLESCENCE: AN INTEGRATED…
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL COGNITION IN ADOLESCENCE: AN INTEGRATED PERSPECTIVE
1) THE SOCIAL BRAIN
2) THE SOCIAL BRAIN IN ADOLESCENCE
Structural development of the social brain in adolescence
Development of social cognition and social brain function in adolescence
Face processing
We detect many social informations
This ability becomes more specialized increasing age
In adults respect children:
Connectivity between IOG and fusiform gyrus
Detecting facial identity
Connectivity between IOG and STS
Detecting emotional expression
Mentalising
Becames explicit after four years but continues to develop
Actives different social brain areas and it studies with different tasks
for example Reading the Mind in the Eye Test
Early/Young/Mid adolescents engage pSTS
Seems more engagment of pSTS/TJP and ATC in adults
Early adolescents engage more dmPFC
Unclear motivations
Maybe different maturation of neurocognitive strategies
Perspective-taking
Studied with director task
Develops in adolescence, persists more activation of dmPFC
Activation even if social cues were not needed
Cognitive demanding, reduced in case of high cognitive load
Social decision-making
Studied with Ultimatum Game / Trust Game / Dictator Game
Children show social preference for fairness norms BUT only adolescence / early adulthood develops understanding of intentionality
Adolescence increases sensitivity to other perspective, not prosocial behaviour
Neurobiological basis in left TPJ and right dlPFC (increase)
Becomes more important with who you interact
Different changes in adolescence and stabilization in the mid-twenties
Decrease in grey matter (synaptic reorganisation and pruning)
Increase in white matter
A serie of brain areas involved in the social processes
pSTS, TPJ, dmPFC, ATC, IFG
Recent studies to discover how these areas work integrated
4) INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE SOCIAL BRAIN, COGNITIVE CONTROL AND AFFECTIVE-MOTIVATIONAL PROCESSING IN ADOLESCENCE
Social cognition and affective processing
Affective mentalising
Same mentalising regions, more activation vmPFC (adolescents)
Affective consequences of social interactions
Emotion regulation
Adolescents show more distress in regulating emotions derived from social rejection
Reduced activity in vlPFC
Social context and peer influence
For adolescence, increase taking-risk behaviours
Also perception about risk
More important opinion of peers and parents
Higher levels right TPJ and lower RPI and lateral PFC
Determines enlanchment or impared cognitive performance
Example in ability to learn from rewarding and punishing feedback
Different brain activation (lateral PFC in adults / Lateral Orbitofrontal cortex with peers)
Effect in prosocial-behaviour
Imaginary Audience and New Look Theory
Not only for adolescents (also adults)
3) COGNITIVE CONTROL AND AFFECTIVE - MOTIVATIONAL PROCESSING IN ADOLESCENCE
Interactions between cognitive control and affective processing in adolescence
Cognitive control top-down modulation
Bottom-up modification by affective information
Increasing in connectiviry between vmPFC and amygdala and VS
Improvment in inhibitory control
Improvment in affecting regulation
Habituation of emotional stimuli
Interactions between cognitive control and motivational processing in adolescence
Propension towards risk-taking behaviour
Dependent on the context and general high reward sensitivity
The model of cold cognitive and hot motivational doesn't explain the cognitive system flexibility
And in general the different results shown
The flexibility confers possibility to adapt in rapidly chaning social challenges but confer vulnerabilities
Cognitive Control and Motivational-Affective mutually influence each others
Dual-systems models assume they develop in a different way
0) INTRODUCTION
5) IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Vulnerability of adolescence in mental healt (but not universal)
Investigating predictor factors of risk for mental health risk (such as Social Anxiety Disorder)
Considering role of puberty and social context
Reducing situations where high-rick behaviours are rewarded