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Social & Developmental Psychology - Coggle Diagram
Social & Developmental Psychology
Developmental
Stage theories
Freud
Psychosexual stages of development
anal (1-3)
phallic (3-6)
oral (0-1)
latency (6 to puberty)
Genital (puberty onwards)
The Oedipus complex
Infant-caregiver relations
Piaget
Core concepts
Accomodation
Adapting knowledge structures (schemas) to new experiences
Equilibration
Balancing assimilation and accomodation for stable understanding
Assimilation
Translating information into understandable forms (into existing schemas)
Progressive, hierarchal stages of development
Sensorimotor (birth - 2 years)
Reflxes (sucking, grasping)
reflexes become more adaptable, combinable
reflexed become directed to the environment
Six sub stages
changes via accomodation
culminates in symbolic ability (language, pretend play, deferred imitation)
preoperational (2 - 7 years)
marked by logical failures
symbolic ability emerges
gradual development of logical though
thinking becomes faster, flexible, social, efficient
logical mental procedures
egocentric, focused on perceptual states, leading to errors
Concrete operational (7-12 years)
thought tied to concrete examples
hypothetical thought not yet possible
Overcomes logical difficulties
Formal operational (12+ years)
highest stage: scientific thought
ages are approximate
Object permanence
develops over 6 stages
4 (8-12 months)
search for fully hidden objects
A-not-B erorr
Diamond (1985)
5 (12-18 months)
overcome A-not-B error
struggle with invisible displacements
phyical memory (e.g. holding objects) surpasses mental representations in new locations
3 (4-8 months)
anitcipate object reappearance behind obscurers
recognise/reach for partially visible objects
objects not seen as independent from perceptual experience
6 (18+ months)
symbolically represent absent/invisible objects
1-2 (0-4 months)
objects cease to exist when out of sight
principle of conversation
the 'naughty teddy' procedure
researcher intentionality
Visual cognition
visual working memory
used by adults 10,000 times/day
word learning
memory formation
academic success
social interaction
the 'mean look duration' task is simple enough to be used with pigeons and monkeys
chimpanzees have been demonstrated to outperform humans, why?
Joint attention (JA)
key for infant language development
object-word mapping
world learning via JA is more effective when infant led
it is therefore important to nurture infant's curiosity
adults and infants have different attentional fields/view
studied in two key contexts: lab and lounge
both settings indicate visual cognition is predictive of future developmental outcomes
Adolescence
come to terms with/explore sexuality
adjust to new ways of thinking
adjust to changes in body size and shape
strive for emotional maturity and economic independence
puberty
historical context
puberty onset decreased in last few hundred years
today 13
why?
higher standard of living
nutrition
sexualisation of culture? Popular media, Bratz dolls etc
norway 1840 mean age of menarche 17
Tanner's stages of puberty