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Logical Fallacies, GROUP 7 - Coggle Diagram
Logical Fallacies
The types of Fallacies in relevance
Scare tactics
Threatens harm to compel acceptance
A threat is irrelevant to the conclusion's truth.
Appeal to Pity
Inappropriately evokes pity or compassion
Feelings Irrelevant to conclusion's truth
Bandwagon Argument
Appeals to desire to be popular or accepted
Popularity usually provides little evidence of truth
Straw Man
Distorts opponent's argument to make it easier to attack
Always involves misrepresenting opponent's claim
Two Wrongs Make a right
Justify wrongful act citing another bad act
Often confused with Look Who's Talking.
Always involves attempt to justify wrongful act
Red Herring
Sidetracks audience with irrelevant issue
Implies diversion settles original issue
Always involves changing or evading the issue
Look Who's Talking (Tu Quoque)
Reject the argument because of the person is hypocritical
Fails to practice what he preaches
Involves charge of hypocrisy
Equivocation
Key word used in two or more senses
Success depends on shift in meaning
Appears valid but is fallacious
Attacking The Motive
Criticizing person's motivation, not argument worth
Pattern: X is biased, therefore X's argument rejected
Begging the Question
Assumes premise is the conclusion to be proven
Restating conclusion in different words (obvious way)
Circular reasoning (A because B, B because A)
Personal Attack (Ad hominem)
Reject argument by attacking person
Attack is irrelevant to argument's strength
Definition (Fallacy)
Argument with mistaking reasoning
Common Fallacies
Frequently commited
Often Psychology Persuasive
Two broad groups of Logical Fallacies
Fallacies of Insufficient Evidence
logical error because the premise is relevant but not strong enough to support the conclusion
Fallacies of Relevance
logical error because the premise is irrelevant to the conclusion
Concept of Relevance
Relevance Definition
Statement counts for or against another statement
Provides some reason for thinking statement is true or false
Types of Relevance
Positively Relevant
Counts in favor of statement
Can be relevant even if false
Relevance depends on context
Negatively Relevant
Counts againts statement
Provides reason conclusion
Logically Irrelevant
Counts neither for nor against statement
Provides no reason for truth or falsity
GROUP 7
BENNY DELE BINTANG ANANTA
NOOR ISTIQOMAH
NILA HUSNUL ARIBAH