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Mental Health and Well-being of Football Referees, Relevant theory (and…
Mental Health and Well-being
of Football Referees
Challenges and Risk Factors
Abuse
Threats
Online Harassment
greater vulnerability of young people
VIDEO - RURAL - Hypervigilance of teams recording matches - using referee as scape goat - comments that follow
Confidence eroding / anxiety inducing / self-validation tool
Threatening behaviour (Raymond after game) - Car Park ITL
Personal Consequences
Emotional
''Post game High' -Rollar Coaster Mood post-match - PREM
Isolation- Mood fluctuations ('Effects weekend') - not engaging in social activities - alcohol use (danny - ITL)
'Overwhelmed' - Callum, NQ
'Embarrased' - from clips being distributed - PREM
Cognitive
Social comparison - PREM
Rumination on decisions ('plays in your mind')
In-game
Post-game
SELF-CRITICISM/SELF-DOUBT
Amplified small moments/reflective over-checking small events (cognitive distortions)
Lack of self praise
Identity threat from peer scrutiny (and club video sharing)
Perfectionism?
Behavioural
Protective / Supportive Factors
Resilience
Self-acceptance of errors - PREM
Character - PREM
Having tolerance - not caring what people say (Parents - RURAL - JOHN)
Confidence
Postive-led review with video - PREM
Communciation capacities / competence / - Selling decision errors - PREM
Social Support & Communities of Practice (observers coming to odd games; feedbcak; reduce lonliness feeling)
SELF-PRAISE
on performance/decisions -
SELF-COMPASSION
Team of three - speaking/supporting each other (John - Rural)
Self -regulation - post-gave evaluation of mistakes seen as info for development - rather than triggers for self-critisim
Recognition - Acknowledgement from others (eg Parents Craig Rural)
Positive attitude/Positivity/Realistic appraisals
Relevant theory (and concepts) for interpreting
PERMA (Well-being)
Perfectionism / Inflexability
Hewitt & Flett (Perfectionism and Performance)
Emotional Labour (Hofschold)
Compassion-Focused (Gilbert)
REBT (Carrington in officials)
Resilience (Sarkar & Fletcher)
MuST (Multi-states theory; Ruiz et al) Antecedents → Appraisals → Psychobiosocial States → Performance- (see recent Robazza referee study in Perfectionism Folder in Drive)
Self-Discrepancy Theory (Higgins) - actual/ideal/ought discrepancy = emotional fallout - identity-level/self-concept antecedents - fuel threat appraisals
Self-Determination Theory(Motivation)
Identity Continuity Theory
? eg RURAL data - Values are consistent across roles/contexts - Professional identiry - Uniforms and transferable identities - Stabilises self-concept under pressure - Outsider vs insider status in rural contexts - Reframing others’ behaviour
Response Style Theory (Nolen-Hoeksema -
Rumination
) - explain why minor errors feel disproportionately large - Rumination is often triggered by the mood itself, not by the size of the mistake
Decision Reinvestment
Organisational and Structure
Enhance Psychological Safety
Transparent Accountability - clear comm on outcomes of reported incidents, follow-up/knowledge, close the loop, reduce uncertainty. the org 'has their back'
Communities of practice
Reframing well-being as core to performance ecology
Institutionalising/Embedding Mental Health and Well-being into the Refereeing System (not as an 'add on')
Mental Health Literacy / reducing stim
Visibility and Access to Support
Signposting Well-being as a core Organisational Priority
Standardization across local associations
Focal person in organsaitions
Hyper-detail coaching culture (new and different) creates pressure
Intra-personal (Ecological frame)
Confidence
Resilience
Communication Skills (Building relationships)
Reduces inter-group hostility/Rapport Building
Willingness to learn/Eageress/Keen to learn
Positivity - tied into self-critisim/lack of self-praise/self-compassion
Referee Groups/Characteristics/Context
SCORE/PREM
Identity threat from peer scrutiny
Female officials
Isolation (Ashley, NQ)
RURAL
perceived community expectations can create pressure to favour the local team
Inter-personal (Ecological frame)
Opportunities for observation
Mentorship - opportunities for small social networks and one-to-one
Communities of practice
Recommendations / Future Directions
Development and Learning
(Accelerating Experience) Non-Technical Learning / Managing Players / Referee Processes
Use of video for reflection (positive approach vs critical negative approach)
Self-observation as a buffer to self-critism in the moment (Craig-Rural)
Education / Mental Health Promotion