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Geography Paper 1, Key - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 2000mm of rain per year
      - Double amount in the UK
    - - Very High consistently around the equator
  - - - Because nutrients are washed away and dissolved very quickly by all the rain
  - - - Forest Floor
        
        Predators hunt on the forest floor
        
        Jaguars
        
        Rodents and large mammals live on the forest floor
        
        decomposers (like fungi) live within the decaying organic matter
      - Understory
        
        Insects-Snakes-Frogs live in the understory, away from predators
      - Canopy
        
        Mammals Such as monkeys and sloths live in the canopy
        
        Birds and flowers live amongst very tall-fast growing trees in the upper canopy
      - Emergent Layer
    - - Buttress Roots
        
        Large roots above the ground that look like ridges
        
        Some trees have adapted to the nutrient deprived waterlogged soils by growing large roots above the ground
        
        Ensure all trees are stable without growing far into the ground
        
        Ensures they receive enough air
      - Leaf Structure
        
        Drip Tips
        
        Tapered end of a leaf that allows rainfall to drip off quickly
        
        Ensures plants aren't too wet
        
        Flexible stems
        
        Move to find light
        
        Important in the dense canopy which blocks light
      - Lianas
        
        Lianas are Woody vines
        
        That have adapted to lower levels (dark) of the rainforest
        
        Have roots that grow in ground
        
        Vines that grow high up into the canopy
        
        That wrap around trees
      - Epiphytes
        
        Are plants that live on the surface of other plants
        
        Receive nutrients from the other plants
        
        They have adapted to growing on trees high up in the canopy
        
        to receive more sunlight
    - - Poisons and Venoms
        
        Animals have adapted to being eaten by developing poisons and venoms
        
        Ants-spiders-snakes
        
        can paralyse or kill other animal
        
        Some sting or bite when threatend
        
        Others are poisonous to eat
        
        Golden poison frog
        
        Enough poison to kill 10 people
      - Physical Characteristics
        
        Animals that live in trees
        
        Primates
        
        Spider monkey
        
        Very long limbs and tails
        
        to Help them swing and avoid predators
        
        Strong claws to assist with climbing trees
        
        Geckos
        
        Have special pads that stick to leaves and trees
      - Camouflage
        
        To Hide from predators
        
        Blending in with vegetation and sticks
        
        Stick insect
        
        Chameleon
        
        Leaf tailed geckos
        
        have a tail that looks like a leaf
        
        Harder for predators to spot them
      - Size
        
        To ensure animals can move through the dense vegetation, some are smaller so they can traverse easily
        
        Jaguars
        
        In rainforest they are significantly smaller than other jaguars
        
        This makes it easier for them to traverse the rainforest
        
        Don't exceed 6ft in length
  - - - In 2019 a football pitch sized patch of rainforest was lost every 6 seconds
- - - - Producer
        
        Use Sunlight energy to produce food
        
        Plant
      - Consumer
        
        Gets energy from consuming other organism
        
        e.g. fish or fox
      - Decomposers
        
        Gets its energy by breaking down dead materials
        
        e.g. Bacteria, flies
- - - - Population: 2700
      - Temps of -20°C
      - 60% of it is covered in glaciers no trees
        
        Tundra
    - - 300 employeed
      - After 2014 only one mine is still active
    - - Barents sea
        
        150 species of fish
        
        biggest population of cod in the world
        
        Could trade fish for profit
        
        Economical benefit
    - - Northern Lights
      - Wildlife
      - Created 300 jobs
      - 70,000 people visited Longyearbyen in 2011
        
        30,000 of which where from cruise ship
    - - No other communities are connected by roads
      - Travel by snowmobile
      - Airport from Russia or Norway
      - Boats if there is no ice
        
        Cruise ships
      - There is only 50km of roads in Longyearbyen
    - - Permafrost is melting
        
        causing buildings to sink into the waterlogged ground
        
        More frequent avalanches making areas unsafe
        
        10% of population had to be evacuated due to avalanches
      - Pipes for water and sewage are built above the ground to prevent them freezing
  - - - Polar
        
        Areas surrounding the poles, Antarctica--Greenland etc
        
        Climate
        
        Consistently below freezing
        
        below -50°C
        
        No precipitation (snow and rain)
        
        Soil
        
        Lack nutrients as they are constantly frozen
        
        Covered in thick sheets of ice
        
        Plants
        
        Mosses and Lichens are most common
        
        because of the harsh climate and poor soil
        
        Animals
        
        Animals are highly adapted
        
        e.g. white fur to camoflage
        
        In antarctica it is too cold for animals to live
        
        there are only insects
        
        Seals-whales-penguins in Southern Ocean
        
        In Arctic-Polar Bears
        
        Live on Ice
        
        Lack of Biodiversity
        
        People
        
        4 million people live in the arctic
        
        No people live in Antarctica
        
        People need to adapt
        
        Where warm clothes, pipes above ground and all food is imported
      - Tundra
        
        Permafrost which can thaw seasonally
        
        At High latitudes e.g. Canada Russia
        
        Climate
        
        Less extreme than polar
        
        Temperatures are usually below freezing
        
        Sometimes in warm conditions can be above freezing
        
        High precipitation
        
        Especially in coastal regions
        
        Mainly Snow but sometimes rain
        
        Soil
        
        Poor nutrients
        
        Permafrost
        
        Ground is permanently frozen
        
        Can Thaw (melt) in summer months
        
        Waterlogged and boggy
        
        People
        
        More people live in Tundra than polar
        
        Still have to adapt from cold
        
        Animals
        
        Greater biodiversity
        
        More diverse wildlife, more land
        
        Food chains
        
        More food options
        
        Carnivores and Herbivores
        
        Foxes-Hares-Birds-Insects
        
        Plants
        
        Mostly low growing plants
        
        Not nutrient rich
        
        Soil
        
        mosses and grasses
        
        Too cold for trees
        
        Except for the warmer regions
        
        Conifer (christmas and spruce)
        
        Permafrost isn't permanent so trees
      - Alpine
        
        Mountainous regions
        
        Himalayas or Alps
    - - Polar Bear
        
        Thick fur
        
        Layers of fat
        
        White fur to camouflage
      - Behaviour
        
        Hibernate in winter
        
        Migrate in winter
    - - Low to the ground
        
        to reduce exposure to strong winds
      - Flowering and Seeding
        
        Happens in short time periods
        
        in summer (which is very short)
      - To reduce water loss
        
        Thick
        
        Waxy leaves
        
        Hairy Stems
        
        To insulate
    - - Antarctic Treaty (1959)
        
        53 countries signed it
        
        Antarctica should only be used for peaceful means
        
        Used for scientific research
        
        All research should be shared
        
        All stations can be inspected at any time
        
        No country owns Antarctica
        
        Nuclear activity is banned
      - Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991)
        
        Bans all mineral resource gathering
        
        other than for research purposes
        
        No mining or fuel extraction
        
        Committee for Environmental Protection
        
        advisory body that provides advice to members
        
        Created and added to regulation set in original treaty
        
        Waste management-marine pollution